Corporate Taxation Essay

1. The definition of property as it relates to a section 351 transaction includes money. (TRUE) 2. A taxpayer always will have a tax basis in boot received in a section 351 transaction equal to its fair market value. (TRUE) 3. Mandel transferred property to his new corporation in a section 351 transaction. One of the properties transferred was land with a fair market value of $200,000 and a tax basis of $250,000. The corporation will always take a tax basis in the land of $200,000 to prevent the â€Å"built-in loss† from being transferred from Mandel to the corporation. (FALSE) 4. Han transferred land to his corporation in a section 351 transaction. Han had held the land for two years prior to the transfer. The corporation will tack Han’s holding period for the land. (TRUE) 5. Roberta transfers property with a tax basis of $400 and a fair market value of $500 to a corporation in exchange for stock with a fair market value of $350 in a transaction that qualifies for defe rral under section 351. The corporation assumed a liability of $150 on the property transferred. What is the amount realized by Roberta in the exchange? ($500) 6. Antoine transfers property with a tax basis of $500 and a fair market value of $600 to a corporation in exchange for stock with a fair market value of $550 in a transaction that qualifies for deferral under section 351. The corporation assumed a liability of $50 on the property transferred. What is Antoine’s tax basis in the stock received in the exchange? ($450) 7. Carlos transfers property with a tax basis of $500 and a fair market value of $800 to a corporation in exchange for stock with a fair market value of $650 and $50 in a transaction that qualifies for deferral under section 351. The corporation assumed a liability of $100 on the property transferred. What is the corporation’s tax basis in the property received in the exchange? ($550) 8. Tristan transfers property with a tax basis of $900 and a fair market value of $1,200 to a corporation in exchange for stock with a fair market value of $900 and $200 in a transaction that qualifies for deferral under section 351. The corporation assumed a liability of $100 of the property transferred. What is the corporation’s tax basis in the property received in the exchange? ($1,100) 9. Ashley transfers property with a tax basis of $5,000 and a fair market value $3,000 to a corporation in exchange for stock with a fair market value of $2,000 and $500 in a transaction that qualifies for deferral under section 351. The corporation assumed a liability of $500 on the property transferred. What is Ashley’s tax basis in the stock received in the exchange? ($4,000) 10. Which of the following statements best describes the concept of control as it applies to a section 351 transaction? Control is defined as the ownership of 80 percent of more of a corporations voting stock and 80 percent or more of the total number of shares of each class of nonvoting stock.

Leonardo vs. Michelangelo

Leonardo versus Michelangelo Violet Jane Greeley Art Appreciation ART 101 Carrie Ann Wills November 13, 2012 Da Vinci versus Michelangelo Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simone shared many similarities. Both were painters, sculptors, and poets. They both had a tendency to leave their works incomplete. Both artists quickly surpassed the talents of their instructors and achieved fame with ease. In addition, both artists were known to have studied anatomy by dissecting human cadavers [ (Bambach, 2002) ].Together they make up two thirds of the Renaissance’s three greatest artistic minds of all times, the other being Raphael. In this paper, I will first give a brief biography of each artist, then compare and contrast three works of art by Leonardo with three works of art by Michelangelo, followed by a discussion on how each artist made their own personal influence on the world of art in Italy and Europe during the 16th century, and provide supporting examp les. Leonardo was born on April 15, 1452 and passed away on May 1, 1519 [ (Helicon, 2005) ].Leonardo’s first painting and sculpting instructor was Andrea del Verrocchio, with whom he was apprenticed to and even surpassed in skill [ (Vasari, 2006) ]. During his apprenticeship to Verrocchio, Leonardo excelled at many skills including painting, sculpting, architecture, engineering, and mathematics [ (Vasari, 2006) ]. Still further, he studied subjects such as botany, geology, geography, zoology, anatomy, hydraulics and mechanics [ (Kleiner, 2010) ].Michelangelo was born on March 6, 1475 and passed away on February 18, 1565 [ (Jacobs, 1968) ]. When Michelangelo was fourteen years old, he was apprenticed to Domenico Ghirlandajo in April, 1488 [ (Vasari, 2006) ] [ (Gombrich, 1995) ]. Before long, Michelangelo excelled in his artistic ability, surpassed his fellow apprentices, and at times even rivaled his master’s abilities [ (Vasari, 2006) ]. Additionally, he achieved exemp lary skills in architecture, poetry, and engineering, but was most fond of sculpting above all else [ (Kleiner, 2010) ].Although Michelangelo wasn’t apparently influenced by Ghirlandajo in artistic methods or styles, his attitude and behavior reflected that of his master more prominently by his frequent displays of vigorous work ethics and an impatient temperament [ (Gombrich, 1995) ]. While under the tutelage of Ghirlandajo, Michelangelo carefully analyzed old and new artists and their techniques. These included but weren’t limited to Giotto, Masaccio, Donatello, Ghiberti, Benedetto da Majano, Mino da Fiesole, Antonio Rossellino and Jacopo della Quercia Rolland [ (Rolland, 1921) ].Florentines whose influence can be seen in Michelangelo’s works are Giotto and Masaccio [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. A year after his apprenticeship to Ghirlandajo, he was also introduced to Bertoldo di Giovanni (who was himself once a student of Donatello) through Lorenzo the Magnificent, an d was instructed on the art of sculpture in the Garden of Medici as well as being influenced by Lorenzo de Medici [ (Kleiner, 2010) ] [ (Rolland, 1921) ].His original intent in joining with Giovanni was to gain experience with the tradition of Donatello and to enhance his knowledge of antiquities, but the most precious asset Michelangelo acquired from Giovanni was access to and the friendship of the Medici family [ (Rolland, 1921) ]. From 1492 to 1494, Michelangelo obtained an extraordinary opportunity to study anatomy in the hospital which was adjoined to San Spirito [ (Nickerson, 2008) ]. Vasari stressed the importance of studying antique forms and the significance of such in the work of all of the most highly regarded master artists in the High Renaissance era [ (Johnson, 2000) ].Leonardo, Raphael, and Michelangelo were no exceptions to this rule, and Michelangelo especially applied himself in that aspect [ (Johnson, 2000) ]. Leonardo was a major contributor to the art world in t he late 15th and early 16th centuries and a predecessor of many other artistic marvels including Raphael and Michelangelo. Here I will discuss St. Jerome in the Wilderness, The Last Supper, and Mona Lisa. St. Jerome in the Wilderness was begun in 1480 and is one of many of Leonardo’s unfinished products [ (Classics, 2012) ]. St.Jerome resides in the Vatican Museums in Rome [ (Classics, 2012) ]. St. Jerome withdrew from society into the Syrian Desert and became a recluse [ (Classics, 2012) ]. The painting illustrates a far off crucifix on the right side of the picture and St. Jerome kneeling down all the while fixing his eyes on the distant crucifix [ (Classics, 2012) ]. A rock can be seen in St. Jerome’s hand and a lion is close by [ (Classics, 2012) ]. The rock represents the object with which St. Jerome uses to punish himself for the purposes of atonement [ (Classics, 2012) ].The lion is indicative of the companion St. Jerome acquired after healing an injury to the l ions paw. A cardinal’s hat together with the lion and the stone are common traits associated with St. Jerome. Also on the right is a church between the rocks, the existence of which could indicate St. Jerome’s Doctoral position [ (Classics, 2012) ]. Leonardo used a fresh, new technique in positioning St. Jerome in a disproportionate way so that his figure was vastly different than that of the lion [ (Classics, 2012) ].Through the passage of time, this painting has endured separation and the process of reassembly [ (Classics, 2012) ]. The Last Supper came into creation beginning in 1495, was improved upon in sporadic periods, and was finished it in its entirety in 1498 [ (Classics, 2012) ]. Duke Ludovico Sforza and Duchess Beatrice d’Este commissioned The Last Supper who wanted it to be the centerpiece for the Sforza family mausoleum [ (Classics, 2012) ]. However, the painting now serves as the wall covering for the dining hall in the monastery Santa Maria del Gr azie [ (Classics, 2012) ].The Last Supper was an elaborately detailed representation of Jesus’ life as it neared its end in the Gospel of John chapter 13 verse 21. Jesus revealed his awareness of the upcoming betrayal from within his beloved discipleship as the Bible described the scene in the book of Matthew chapter 26, verse 21 [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. The reactions of the disciples ranged in varying degrees of outrage, shock, horror, grief, and disbelief as continued in the book of Matthew chapter 26, verse 22 [ (Kleiner, 2010) ].Another reference to Biblical doctrine included in the painting was the initiation of the Eucharist in the book of Luke chapter 22, verses 19 through 20 [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. In the painting, Judas was clearly stunned at the announcement of his plot [ (Classics, 2012) ]. In a state of reservation, he was grasping the money purse containing the silver which had been obtained in trade for the betrayal [ (Classics, 2012) ]. Some observers of the painting argue that the purse could also be suggestive of Judas’ status as treasurer of the group as well [ (Classics, 2012) ].Close observers may take note of Judas tipping over the salt shaker, which may be a cleverly disguised reference to a phrase which signifies the betrayal of a master [ (Classics, 2012) ]. Peter appeared to be perturbed all the while wielding a knife; this could have been a deliberate inclusion of the painting in order to give observers a sense of foreboding, a reminder of the violence to come in the midst of Jesus being arrested [ (Classics, 2012) ]. John was painted in a manner portraying him in the throes of a fainting spell [ (Classics, 2012) ].As was commonly practiced at the time, Leonardo positioned all of the disciples and Jesus on one side of the table for the purpose of being able to see them all [ (Classics, 2012) ]. Some other painters during later periods of time occasionally separated Judas from the other disciples by either seating him on the opp osing side of the table or by neglecting to give him a halo like the others in the painting, an obvious indication of his fall from grace [ (Classics, 2012) ]. Rather than denoting Judas in that way, Leonardo uses the shadows as a safe haven for the villain to conceal his own guilt in [ (Classics, 2012) ].Jesus could be seen in the painting as he pointed toward the bread and persisted in foretelling pending events by stating that the traitor would break of the bread simultaneously with himself as is suggested in the book of Luke chapter 22, verse 21 [ (Classics, 2012) ]. Judas reached for the bread as predicted because he was distracted by the conversation between John and Peter [ (Classics, 2012) ]. In this painting, the artist used a definitive method of manipulating the lighting which in turn naturally brought the observers eyes to the central focal point of the painting behind Jesus’ head [ (Classics, 2012) ].Because Leonardo used an alternative method of painting, The La st Supper rapidly began deteriorating [ (Classics, 2012) ]. Although efforts have been made to maintain its integrity, the quality of the painting has suffered substantially [ (Classics, 2012) ]. The deterioration so compromised the painting it can only be speculated upon that Leonardo originally intended for the positioning of Jesus’ feet to be suggestive of the forthcoming crucifixion [ (Classics, 2012) ].It’s quite apparent in this art piece that Leonardo did extensive research with the help of models and close observational skills to create a psychologically provocative and visually pleasing scene [ (Classics, 2012) ]. Mona Lisa otherwise known as La Gioconda was a portrait conceived in about 1503 and was completed in 1519 [ (Classics, 2012) ]. The commissioning was initiated by the woman in the painting, Lisa del Gioconda and her husband who was a prosperous silk merchant in Florence [ (Classics, 2012) ].In the beginning of its existence, Mona Lisa may have been h oused at Chateau Fontainebleau, but was then relocated to the Palace of Versailles, then to the Louvre where it remains to this day [ (Classics, 2012) ]. No other work of art in the world is more famous than Mona Lisa [ (Classics, 2012) ]. Lisa del Gioconda was a member of the Gherardini family, who were prominent Florentines [ (Classics, 2012) ]. The painting of this portrait was motivated by the acquisition of the couple’s new residence as well as in celebration of their second son having been born [ (Classics, 2012) ].Factors that aided in the promotion of this portrait gaining such colossal fame were the vague facial expression, the delicate method of painting the shapes, and the enormity of the composition [ (Classics, 2012) ]. In creating the Mona Lisa, Leonardo used a pyramid shape as a basis of effortlessly positioning the subject into the space permitted, with her hands folded demurely taking the shape of the obverse corner [ (Classics, 2012) ]. The lighting of the p ortrait gently caressed her in various places including her breast, hands, neck, and face, giving the painting added fundamental dimensions [ (Classics, 2012) ].Lisa held an erect posture, and her fixed stare was another distinct feature that gave the portrait its signature quality. The darker elements of the painting such as Lisa’s hair and veil along with the encompassing shadows help to add radiance to her face that might otherwise have been less noticeable [ (Classics, 2012) ]. Leonardo’s absence of outlining particular facial features enhanced the liveliness of the subject. As was typical of Leonardo, the comprehensive landscape, the general calmness, theatrical use of lighting and shadows, and the obscure outlining all contributed to this masterpiece [ (Classics, 2012) ].It’s important to note the background contained a visual illusion in that one side was significantly higher than the other which would be unfeasible in reality [ (Classics, 2012) ]. Howeve r because of the discrepancy, Lisa seemed to move or smile if the viewers eyes shifted from one side to the other [ (Classics, 2012) ]. The painting survived a number of attacks over a period of time including theft, an acid spill, stone throwing, and other such mishaps, but has been minimally damaged and on occasion repaired [ (Classics, 2012) ].Michelangelo created many great works in his time, and in conjunction with Leonardo and Raphael defined the artistic era of the Renaissance. I will focus on two of his statues; The Pieta and David, and one of his paintings; The Last Judgment. Before discussing Michelangelo’s statues, I’d like to restate that he’d previously gained extensive knowledge of human anatomy by secretly dissecting cadavers, which aided his ability to create accurate portrayals of human physique while sculpting and painting [ (Hartt, 1989) ].Since this practice was illegal as well as being considered morally corrupt behavior, having done so put him at an advantage over many other artists [ (Hartt, 1989) ]. Work on the Pieta, a life-size statue made of marble was set into motion in between 1498 and 1499 and reached its fruition in 1500 [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. It was the French cardinal, Jean de Bilheres Lagraulas who commissioned the Pieta to be done so that it might enhance the appearance of the chapel in Saint Peters where he was intended to be buried [ (Kleiner, 2010) ].This statue, his first masterpiece was a representation of Mary holding Jesus after his crucifixion [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. Controversy surrounded this work of art regarding Mary’s appearance of being younger than Jesus [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. However the artist was able to portray Mary’s loveliness as well as her grief in an intensely vivid manner [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. The artist’s intent in portraying such youth in Mary was that he’d been attempting to use that feature as a method of defining Mary’s purity.As a result of the you thful and tranquil appearance portrayed in the Pieta, Michelangelo’s statue was unique in comparison to other artists portrayals of the same scene in which their Mary was much older and broken-hearted. Michelangelo created such detailed imagery that the Pieta quite visibly displayed a variety of textures including hair, fabric, and flesh [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. This particular piece of artistry in addition to David has been replicated by numerous other painters and sculptors.It’s been said that Michelangelo wasn’t initially in the habit of signing any of his pieces of artistry. However, upon hearing observers crediting other artists with his accomplishment he began doing so with the Pieta. The Pieta originally was destined to occupy Saint Peter’s Basilica in Vatican City, however it is now located in the church which took the place of Saint Peter’s [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. Michelangelo’s David wasn’t the first statue of the biblical hero, bu t it was the most impressive one which has ever been created thus far [ (Kleiner, 2010) ].David was a popular biblical theme about a young shepherd boy purportedly the underdog who volunteered to enter into battle with a much larger adversary [ (Lee, 2004) ]. In this story, David defeated his enemy with a slingshot, his skill, and his courage as the only weapons at hand, without even being protected with armor [ (Lee, 2004) ]. Upon his return to Florence in 1501, Michelangelo received a warm reception regardless of his previous association with the Medici family [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. He began sculpting David immediately and completed this work in 1504 [ (Kleiner, 2010) ].Donatello and Verrocchio both had previously created statues of David; however unlike Michelangelo, theirs were symbolic of the hero after his battle with Goliath [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. Michelangelo created his personification of David to represent the events prior to the battle with Goliath [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. He use d David’s anatomy to imbue strength, anticipation, and reserved energy [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. He even added the minute detail of engorged veins to emit a sense of the physical process of an adrenaline rush and the psyche which accompanies it [ (Kleiner, 2010) ].David’s facial expression was indicative of having already decided to do battle, but not yet having completed the task. Clearly it was Michelangelo’s intent to portray David in the very moment in which the slingshot was about to be raised [ (Nickerson, 2008) ]. Michelangelo’s David possesses a poignant connection with an imperceptible presence [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. It was unlike any other because of its overall size and slender physique, and to this day can be surpassed only by Michelangelo’s Pieta.Upon completion, this masterpiece further solidified Michelangelo’s reputation as a master sculptor and artist in all of Italy [ (Nickerson, 2008) ]. David is now located in Florence, and stan ds at an impressive fourteen feet high [ (Hartt, 1989) ]. Michelangelo’s knowledge of anatomy, balance, and proportion are prevalent, along with an aura of superhuman magnificence [ (Hartt, 1989) ]. David is but one example of Michelangelo’s personality which exemplified divine humanity [ (Hartt, 1989) ]. Divine humanity represented developing values in the Renaissance era [ (Hartt, 1989) ].The Renaissance began a movement away from centuries of control over human affairs on the part of the church and a restoration of humanistic values of the contemporary world [ (Hartt, 1989) ]. It was firmly held by Michelangelo that the human body was the living embodiment of God’s divine power [ (Hartt, 1989) ]. He successfully articulated man in its ultimately heroic status in creating his David sculpture [ (Lee, 2004) ]. The spiritual closeness Michelangelo held to was in direct contrast with the scientific approach of Leonardo [ (Hartt, 1989) ].Michelangelo began painting The Last Judgment in 1536 and completed it in 1541 [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. In the midst of his work, the counter-reformation was in full force [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. An important issue affecting the world of art was the difference in religious beliefs between the Catholics and the Protestants [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. The Catholics valued artwork for its power to manipulate the people toward piety [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. Protestants, on the other hand found artwork to promote idolatry and distraction [ (Kleiner, 2010) ].To alleviate controversy regarding this issue, the Catholic Church reached an agreement that images should be visually and theologically unambiguous [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. The uproar of the counter-reformation was instrumental in Michelangelo’s decision to paint the altarpiece of the Sistine Chapel, The Last Judgment as a way of depicting the controversial times. The central figure of the altarpiece was the Lord, and all around the Christ figure were nudes. God was the unyi elding authority over his human subjects, and physically gestured his intent to utterly annihilate humanity [ (Kleiner, 2010) ].It’s quite clear that the Lord had complete control over the destiny of all of the spirits around him. The Heavenly hosts emanated their unease, while angels trumpeted, and the Lord discerned between the just who ascended to Heaven and the damned who were thrown into the pits of Hell [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. Michelangelo further purveyed horror by including rising dead figures and demons provoking great suffering and agony upon the damned souls [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. Other known figures which complement this masterpiece were Saint Bartholomew and who was either the good thief or St. Andrew [ (Kleiner, 2010) ].The works of da Vinci and Buonarroti significantly influenced the world of art in the 16th century in Italy and Europe in numerous ways. The two artists shared many similarities in talent and scope of knowledge; however it was their individual uniquen ess that magnified their works to the status of masterpieces in their lifetimes and beyond. In 1476, Leonardo was permitted to paint an angel in Verrocchio’s Baptism of Christ, in which he impressed his master with his superb display of talent [ (Jacobs, 1968) ]. By that point in time, he’d already been elected to be a painter into the painter’s guild [ (Jacobs, 1968) ].Other contemporaries alongside Leonardo under Verrocchio’s tutelage included such notable artists as Perugino and Lorenzo di Credi [ (Johnson, 2000) ]. By the year 1481, Leonardo’s talent was known all over Italy, and he was commissioned by the Saint Donato monastery to paint their altarpiece which is now known as The Adoration of the Kings [ (Jacobs, 1968) ]. However as was Leonardo’s tendency, he neglected to complete the altarpiece and sought employment with Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan [ (Jacobs, 1968) ]. His first work for the Duke was to create a statue of Ludovicoâ⠂¬â„¢s father.Approximately in 1496, Leonardo began planning and painting his famous Last Supper located in the Santa Maria delle Grazie, which took about two years to complete [ (Jacobs, 1968) ]. Around the year 1500, he created the painting known as The Battle of Anghiari, and soon after embarked on his most famous work, Mona Lisa [ (Jacobs, 1968) ]. Francois I was among the first patrons to passionately support the coming of the Renaissance to France and commissioned Leonardo to work around the year 1516 along with other prominent figures such as Rosso Fiorentino [ (Johnson, 2000) ].Following this event, he then created two more paintings for the French viceroy in Milan, The Virgin of the Rocks, and Saint Anne with the Virgin and the Infant Christ that ended up being his last masterpieces [ (Jacobs, 1968) ]. Almost two centuries later, another artist known as Diego Velazquez would use similar painting techniques to Leonardo in which he wasn’t as concerned with every minute detail of a subjects being so much as capturing their characteristic impressions [ (Gombrich, 1995) ].Leonardo was also the mastermind of a device known as sfumato which was used by many other artists who followed him even centuries later in order to overcome the problem of naturalism and perspective creating a rigid and wooden appearance on the subjects of the paintings [ (Gombrich, 1995) ]. Unfortunately, another problem arose which this technique could not accommodate. The shadows used by Leonardo didn’t naturally occur in the light of day, therefore Impressionist artists had to resort to blurring some aspects of their painting to prevail over the dilemma [ (Gombrich, 1995) ].Michelangelo learned the fresco technique from his original instructor, Ghirlandaio [ (Jacobs, 1968) ]. Later on, he was sent to the Medici Garden where he learned from Bertoldo di Giovanni [ (Jacobs, 1968) ]. While in the presence of the Medici family, Lorenzo de Medici encouraged Michelangelo to in volve himself in conversations with many of the most renowned men of the time [ (Jacobs, 1968) ]. He achieved recognition for his talent in approximately 1492 when he constructed his first masterpiece The Battle of the Centaurs, which was a marble relief [ (Johnson, 2000) ].This statue remains unfinished as are many of Michelangelo’s works of art. By 1499, Michelangelo succeeded in creating a superb statue known as Pieta, which was completed in 1499 and caused him to gain world-wide recognition [ (Jacobs, 1968) ]. In the next few years, he occupied his time by creating a statue of David, in the Accademia, Florence [ (Jacobs, 1968) ] [ (Johnson, 2000) ]. Michelangelo’s depiction of David dwarfed those of Donatello and Verrocchio in ability, and talent. His next project, the tomb of Pope Julius II was to be the longest lasting one of his life, taking a full forty years to complete [ (Jacobs, 1968) ].One statue included in this great endeavor is Moses, arguably the most e xcellent work exhibited by this particular sculptor [ (Johnson, 2000) ]. The tomb also includes The Atlas Slave (incomplete), The Dying Slave, and a statue of Lorenzo de Medici, along with two supporting nudes below [ (Johnson, 2000) ]. In the midst of his work on the tomb of Pope Julius II, he worked on the Sistine Chapel ceiling from May 10, 1508 until October 31, 1512, this also being done for Julius II [ (Rebman, 2000) ]. This particular masterpiece is to this day incomparable to any other work of art [ (Rebman, 2000) ].Pope Julius II chose to employ Michelangelo for this task because his reputation throughout Italy and Europe was that of an outstanding sculptor who had an exceptional talent for using physical forms to express his own feelings and emotions [ (Rebman, 2000) ]. The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in its entirety contains nine major panels; God Separating Light from Darkness, The Creation of the Sun, Moon, and Stars, The Separation of Land from Water, The Creation of Adam, The Creation of Eve, The Temptation and Fall of Adam, The Sacrifice of Noah, The Flood, and the Drunkenness of Noah [ (Rebman, 2000) ].Twenty four years later, Michelangelo was commissioned by Pope Paul III to paint a mural above the altar of the Sistine Chapel which was to be a companion piece to the ceiling; The Last Judgment [ (Jacobs, 1968) ]. This altarpiece took him six years to complete beginning in the summer of 1536 and reaching its completion on October 31, 1541 [ (Rebman, 2000) ]. According to records, Michelangelo employed a single assistant for this project; Urbino, a talented artist who showed a significant ability with the foreshortening technique [ (Rebman, 2000) ].Numerous authorities on the matter believe Michelangelo’s source of inspiration for The Last Judgment was derived from a poem, The Divine Comedy written by Dante who mentioned a Charon and Minossis both of whom are included in the painting [ (Rebman, 2000) ]. Much praise and criticism was hea rd for this painting, ranging from amazement and wonder to abhorrence for the scandalous nudity [ (Rebman, 2000) ]. Biago da Cesena was one of the first among many who offered scathing disapproval of the nudity of the figures [ (Rebman, 2000) ].As a result, Michelangelo painted the face of Biago on the figure of Satan and a serpent slithering about the body while biting the groin area of Satan [ (Rebman, 2000) ]. Despite Biago’s complaints to the Pope, the painting remained as it was [ (Rebman, 2000) ]. Unfortunately, due to so much criticism over the nudity of the painting, modifications were later made by Daniele da Volterra, who was hired by the church officials to paint clothing on the genitals of the nude figures [ (Rebman, 2000) ]. However, another artist, Martino Rota made an engraved replica of the original Last Judgment prior to the alterations [ (Rebman, 2000) ].Similar to the habits of Leonardo, Michelangelo frequently abandoned his paintings before completing them , and the only known finished easel painting is The Holy Family [ (Jacobs, 1968) ]. Michelangelo’s reputation was far superior to those of his contemporaries in sculpture, even including the next generation [ (Johnson, 2000) ]. Many new and upcoming artists studied Michelangelo’s methods with great intensity, and strived to imitate his level of distinction by painting nudes in their own works of art as he had done [ (Gombrich, 1995) ].These artists seemed to have overindulged themselves in this practice, and such behavior took away from the meaning of the paintings rather than adding to it [ (Gombrich, 1995) ]. This fashion became known as Mannerism. In closing, I’ve mentioned a few similarities common between both Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simone. In addition, I gave a summary of each artists lives, compared a few of their art pieces, and finished off with a discussion on how each artist made their own personal influence on the w orld of art in Italy and Europe during the 16th century with supporting examples.References Bambach, C. (2002, October). Anatomy in the Renaissance. Retrieved from Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History: http://www. metmuseum. org/toah/hd/anat/hd_anat. htm Classics, D. (2012). Masters of Art: Leonardo da Vinci. Delphi Classics. Gombrich, E. H. (1995). The Story of Art. Hong Kong: Phaidon Press Limited. Hartt, F. (1989). Art: A History of Painting, Sculpture, Architecture 3rd edition. New York: Harry N. Abrams. Helicon, P. (2005). The Hutchinson Encyclopedia of the Renaissance. Abingdon , Oxfordshire, GBR: Helicon Publishing. Retrieved Nov 4, 2012, from http://site. brary. com/lib/ashford/docDetail. action Jacobs, D. (1968). Master Painters of the Renaissance. New York: The Viking Press, Inc. Johnson, P. (2000). The Renaissance: A Short History. New York: Random House Inc. Kleiner, F. S. (2010). Gardner's Art Through the Ages: The Western Perspective. United States: Clark Baxter. Lee, S. (2004, Sep 2). Turning 500: The Meaning of Michelangelo's ‘David': Final Edition. Retrieved from Proquest: http://search. proquest. com/docview/357580072? accountid=32521 Nickerson, A. (2008). Journey into Michelangelo's Rome.Birkley, California, United States: Roaring Forties Press. Retrieved Nov 4, 2012, from http://site. ebrary. com/lib/ashford/docDetail. action? docID=10289907;p00=paintings%20michelangelo Rebman, R. C. (2000). The Sistine Chapel. San Diego, California: Lucent Books, Inc. Rolland, R. (1921). Michelangelo. New York: Duffield and Company. Vasari, G. (2006, Feb). Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects. Retrieved from ebrary. com: http://site. ebrary. com/lib/ashford/docDetail. action? docID=10124952;p00=lives%20excellent%20painters%2C%20sculptors%2C%20architects

A Health Promotion For Older Adults Free Essay Example, 2000 words

An important factor to sustaining a health older health generation is hindering persistent diseases and related complications. Roughly 80% of the elderly have one persistent condition while 50% have at least two. On the other hand, infectious diseases and injuries have inconsistent prevalence on the older generation. Measures to identify methods to stop or decrease the risk of disease and injuries among the older generation as well as broadly apply successful interventions has to be formulates. Understanding how peoples’ bodies change during aging is an essential way in driving out some of the myths. Biological changes in normal aging The sending of messages in the nervous system or the body’s communication superhighway weakens because to balance issues and slower reflexes. The effectiveness of the heart muscles lessens, and arteries are vulnerable to hardening. Because of this, bodies are not able to respond to emotional and physical stress, and blood pressure might increase. Skin wrinkles, thins and dries; lessen skin resiliency and a raise in ‘liver spots’. All these increase vulnerability to hyperthermia and hypothermia, loss, thinning and grey hair. Nails begin to grow slowly, become thicker and brittle. We will write a custom essay sample on A Health Promotion For Older Adults or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Cognitive Changes There is moderate change in intellectual ability in remaining health. Cognitive changes have effects on the memory and abstract thinking. Older people take more time to learn new things and short-term memory loss is prevalent. Dementia/ Alzheimer’s disease is a common term characterized by acute memory loss, complications with concepts of space and time, shifts in moods, problems with hearing and speech. There are two most common types of multi-infarct dementia resulting from dementia and strokes. This latter contributes to more 60% of the cognitive function complication in older adults. Social Changes Due to an increase in life expectancy, so does closeness to end of formal employment. For the majority, the new stage is a time to enjoy freedom, discover other options, have more time with family and friends and learn new skills. For some, retirement can affect their sense of individuality and leave them confused, bereft and hopeless. Aging happens to everyone and death may happen anytime and mortality rises with age. Apart from sadness and anger, those who experience loss normally suffer loneliness and are overwhelmed. The older adults who retire suffer financial constrains, especially if they have not been saving. Social security income alone is not enough.

Addictive Social Media Usage and Its Role on Depression and Suicide Ideation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 953 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/04/10 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Social Media Essay Did you like this example? Introduction Social networking sites are a tool that are used around the world to help people stay connected with one another. It is utilized to explore, meet new people, and socialize. Many use handheld cellular devices to connect with others for several hours of the day. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Addictive Social Media Usage and Its Role on Depression and Suicide Ideation" essay for you Create order The excessive use of social media, and the crave to constantly conversate has led to an addictive behavior. Addiction to social media is considered to be problematic leading to several psychopathological issues, such as depression and suicidal ideation. Young people, specifically college students are believed to be at risk of problematic use, due to the internet being most available to their age group. The addiction to the internet and social media is rising, and it is believed that negative repercussions may result from these actions. Addictive behavior is a major health concern college students possess, which can predict depression; in turn depression is considered to be associated with the thought of suicide. Overall it is believed that suicide ideation is related to, or present when social networks are excessively used. The research aims to explore the links between internet and social media use and addiction, depression, and suicide ideation; since the issue has recently sprung into controversy. Recent and past studies only started to understand the issue and its complexities. The goal of the research is to answer the question of: Can use of cellphones and social media predict addiction, depression, and suicide ideation? The research also plans to create an explanation for addictive behavior to social media. In the research it is hypothesized that depression and suicide ideation are connected to social media addiction, and cellphone and social media usage can predict the possible behaviors of addiction. The researchs goal is to further explore and learn more about the topic based on previous studies and new procedures. Results According to the procedures of the research it was concluded that addiction to social media had a high correlation to depression and suicide ideation. It was also discovered that the duration of cellphone and social media use had no correlation to the addiction. It was previously believed that usage is connected to addiction, thus producing depression and suicide ideation. With this it can be concluded that with shorter usage of the internet a student may still be addicted to social media, and be prone to depression and suicide ideation. Also suicide ideation was found to be greater in those who were in depression, rather than only addiction. In the research, different social media platforms were also considered for level of addictiveness. However there was not any major difference in the addictiveness between different platforms. Surprisingly there was a greater suicide ideation for some platforms compared to others. Conclusions and Recommendations From the research and results it can be concluded that there is a greater presence of depression and suicidal thoughts with addiction to social media. Craving, dwelling, relying, and depending on social media can produce psychopathological issues. On the other hand simply using social media extensively may be beneficial and create non-pathological behavior. Unlike the relationship between addiction and depression; there is no relationship between extensive usage and depression. Despite the extensive research and strong correlations future studying is required for a greater understanding. The epidemic of psychopathological problems is bound to increase with the high number of social media users. Further studying and information on proper social media usage is required to prevent the potential rising problems among these users. For future research it would be helpful to increase the sample size and survey a wide number of people for even more accurate results and conclusions. Reflection The procedure for the research was thorough and extensive. The research properly studied university students and correctly surveyed them. The students were given instructions with consent allowing them to accept or refuse to respond in a survey. After agreeing they were capable of answering the questions. The results were recorded for each student according to a scale. It took into consideration the daily usage hours, addictive behavior, depression, suicidal ideation, cellphone use, and positive suicidal ideation. The survey also recorded the platform of social media each student uses. For the research, the ethics of the procedure were reviewed and approved. In the procedure the information for each students habits were extensive, and appropriate for the research. The result were also valid, aligning with previous researches that were conducted, thus making it reliable. Each dedicated idea was properly used in the evaluation of the results. Recording which social media platform each student used along with their habits contributed to a useful and well-design research. The different platforms can reveal a lot about a students habits, and can show who may be more likely to possess psychopathological problems. In future researches the different platforms are going to play a larger part in the research. This is due to different platforms having varying availability of meeting new people, or conversing with others. As a result users who may be addicted to one platform that offers more have greater chances of depression or suicide ideation. Along with posing as an excellent demonstration for future researches, it can also be utilized for current education. It can support educational and intervention programs. Through these programs people can be taught about the negatives of social media on human mental and physical health. Overall, the research proves to be purposeful, valid, reliable, and appropriately designed. The research offers insight into cellphone and social media use and addictive behavior, and its affects on depression and suicide ideation. Despite the continuous debates, there are definitive psychopathological issues associated with the addiction. The research is proven to be far from complete, as continuous studying can provide more information in the future.

Essay on Incest Taboo - 1719 Words

Incest is a word that is often misunderstood but universally considered taboo. While incest is listed as a criminal offense, many health care professionals have no clear idea of what constitutes incest or some incestuous acts are reportable by law. There are endless academic writings on the subject, yet may confuse rather than clarify because of lack of adequate definitions. Incest may be considered one of the only universal taboos, however, there is no uniformity as to which degrees are involved in the prohibitions. Through this paper I intend to further examine the different definitions of incest and I hope to clarify what incest may or may not be. First we must look at why incest is considered harmful to our societies. The primary†¦show more content†¦Author Jane Leder estimates that 23.000 women per million in (America) may have been victimized by a sibling before age 18. According to researcher Richard Niolon childhood sibling incest can cause serious psychological damage to the younger or less capable sibling. Sibling incest can also damage or destroy sibling bonds, (wikipedia.org). Consensual incest between adults occurs when there is no dependence on the adults as parent-child or sibling-sibling. In these cases, there is no blame to be placed on either adult, and implies independent consent. The last type of incest is sex between cousins and other distant relatives. This type of incest is not considered harmful in some places because the definition of family varies around the world. In most of the Western world incest generally refers to forbidden sexual relations within the family. However, even in the United S tates, definitions of family vary. Within the US, marriage between (first) cousins is illegal in some states, but not in others, and sociologists have classified marriage laws in the United States into two categories: One, used mainly in southern states, in which the definitions of incest are taken from the Bible, and which frowns upon marriage within ones lineage but less so on blood relatives, and another group which frowns more on marriage between blood relatives (such as cousins), but less on ones lineage. Twenty-four statesShow MoreRelatedEssay on On The Incest Taboo1494 Words   |  6 Pages lt;a href=quot;http://www.geocities.com/vaksam/quot;gt;Sam Vaknins Psychology, Philosophy, Economics and Foreign Affairs Web Sites Incest is not such a clear-cut matter as it has been made out to be over millennia of taboos. Many participants claim to have enjoyed the act and its physical and emotional consequences. It is often the result of seduction. In some cases, two consenting and fully informed adults are involved. Many types of relationships, which are defined as incestuous, are betweenRead MoreKinship Is Used For Cross Cultural Comparison1519 Words   |  7 Pagesgives us an example of what would be considered incest, however the example of the individuals who are discussed at the beginning of this introduction are not related by blood and were only connected because of the mistress of the other person’s father. Heritier was committed to figuring out if this incest of a second type is actually existent in comparison to incest of the first type since it varies cross-culturally. Heritier discusses what incest of the second type is and gives the example thatRead MoreAn Additional Facet of the Incest Taboo: a Protection of the Mating-strategy Template5027 Words   |  21 PagesTHE ORIGIN AND MAINTENANCE of the incest taboo have been sources of interest and debate for decades in a number of different disciplines. The universality of the taboo, in one form or another, has served to fuel the discussions. Nested within differences in the theorists orientations and conclusions is a consensus that, with very few exceptions, sexual intercourse is prohibited between members of the nuclear family who are not spouses -- father-child, mother-child, son-sibling, daughter-siblingRead MoreOne of the most puzzling questions in anthropology is why marriage and incest taboos are nearly600 Words   |  3 PagesOne of the most puzzling questions in anthropology is why marriage and incest taboos are nearly universal institutions in human societies. In order to answers these questions their many theories will be explained and compared. There are many theories for the universal institution of marriage. It solves a few problems between men and women, but these problems cannot be considered the prime motivation for marriage as an institution. Some of these problems include sharing the products of gendered laborRead MorePros and Cons of Incest3450 Words   |  14 Pagesrelationships, although immoral, should not be banned. These ethical arguments for the issue Incest are as follows: 1. Incest is taboo without a clear rationale as to why Incest has been bashed for centuries by society. But, beyond repeating the mantra that it is unnatural and contrary to the history and tradition of the family institution, there is not much substantive argument surrounding why incest between consenting adults is supposed to be wrong. Reproduction between blood relatives doesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Lone Star 889 Words   |  4 PagesLone Star decreases the abhorrence surrounding incest through an assimilation to miscegenation; since the latter is more accepted among society in 1995, a smooth integration between the two make Pilar and Sam’s incestuous relationship seem acceptable. However, acceptability and believability are not synonymous. Though Sam and Pilar refuse to let â€Å"blood mean what society proclaims it should,† they cannot avoid the past’s dominating impact (26). This mere revelation creates a need for denial. TheirRead More Human Suffering : Preventing Humans From Achieving True Happiness2123 Words   |  9 Pagesone another. Another interesting thing about the human struggle between self and society manifests itself in the form of social taboos. Taboos themselves are â€Å"proscribed by society as improper or unacceptable†, and can relate to anything from words, to desires to sexual actions and desires (â€Å"taboo†). A very commonly discussed taboo is the concept of the incest taboo. According to Freud, it is completely within our natures to compete with our parents of the same-sex for the affection of the parentRead MoreComparison Between Durkheim And Freud s Theory Of Religion1110 Words   |  5 PagesFreud the origins of religion identify in totems however, Freud emphasizes more on taboos. In addition Freud applies his knowledge of the human psyche in order to his approach to the study of religion. According to Freud totemism involves of two simple laws, the prohibition to kill ones totem and not to partake in sexual intercourse with the opposite sex of ones totem tribe/clan member, this is to ensure that incest does not take place. The ban to kill the totem sacred to the tribe is however liftedRead More Humanity of the Primitive in Heart of Darkness, Dialect of Modernism and Totem and Taboo1593 Words   |  7 PagesHumanity of the Primitive in Heart of Darkness, Dialect of Modernism and To tem and Taboo   Ã‚  Ã‚   The ways in which a society might define itself are almost always negative ways. We are not X. A society cannot exist in a vacuum; for it to be distinct it must be able to define itself in terms of the other groups around it. These definitions must necessarily take place at points of cultural contact, the places at which two societies come together and arrive at some stalemate of coexistence. ForRead MoreGenetic Abnormalities in Ancient Egyptian Royal Families1658 Words   |  7 Pagesin Ancient Egyptian Royal Families It seems that throughout history, the words royalty and incest have gone hand in hand. Familial interbreeding occurred throughout a significant number of royal lines, including the British, Hawaiian, and Japanese thrones. However, none of these families, nor any other royal family for that matter, can match the profound rate at which the Egyptians practiced incest. Ancient Egyptian royal marriages were almost exclusively restricted to relatives, with very

Human Body Fact Sheet Essay Example For Students

Human Body Fact Sheet Essay The three major jobs our skelton does are:Protects our vital organs. Lets us move because our bones are attached to our muscles. Without bones we would be blobs of blood and muscle. A baby has 350 bones. An adult has 206 bones. A baby has more bones than a adult because when you grow your bonesattach. Our body takes in oxygen when we breath. There are small air balloons in our lungs called alveolies. Blood cells turn red when they pick up oxygen from the alveolies. The diaphram is the muscle that controls the breathing process. The heart is behind the ribcage between the lungs. Blood leaving the heart travels in arteries and blood coming to the hearttravels in veins. 5 million blood cells in one drop of blood. Blood cells live 4 months. Our digestive system is 9 meters long. Our body produces 1.7 litres of saliva each day.

Sex Education Essays (1240 words) - Prevention Of HIVAIDS

Sex Education Kali Thompson Audience Analysis: I am writing to the seven chairmen of the Manatee County School Board. They are a made up of a group of five men and two women. They are most likely all parents who have a common concern on the material being taught on the issue of Sex Education in schools. Fellow parents vote on them to insure that they make the correct decisions on what their kids are learning in school. They are all from some form of the Christian religion. They are from ages 30 and older. They represent all races. They all have a college degree and the majority of them have doctorate degree in education. They are mainly from the upper economic levels in society. The chairmen are very dedicated to their jobs and take a great deal of consideration when voting on school board codes/regulations. Therefore, they are willing to hear both sides of an issue that is to be voted on due to its importance. Sex Education In Schools: The Argument Continues Sex education in schools has been a long debated subject among parents, teachers, government officials and students. The need for sex education has increased due the higher numbers of teen pregnancy and STD cases among school age kids. The pregnancy rate has more than double and teens have the highest rate of STD cases among all of the age groups (DeCarlo 1). The major questions are the type of material that should be discussed and whether the programs are actually helping the problem or adding to it. There are a lot of other questions that branch off from the major ones also. Since sex education has already been around for decades, it is very necessary for us to determine the effects of the educational programs over the years. This will help us to verify the quality of lessons being taught in the classes. The need for sex education is very questionable in todays society. An article by Pamela DeCarlo, from the Centre for AIDS Prevention Studies, discusses why sex education is needed in schools. She asks why education on this subject is needed and if will help or hurt todays children. Her view of the issue is that kids do need to have education to help to protect them but that it isnt enough to prevent them from receiving STDs and becoming pregnant. Knowledge alone is not enough to change behaviors. DeCarlo also says that, Programs that rely mainly on conveying information about sex or moral precepts-how the bodys sexual system functions, what teens should and shouldnt do-have failed. However, programs that focus on helping teenagers to change their behavior-using role playing, games, and exercises that strengthen social skills-have shown signs of success. On the other hand some believe that sex education is necessary but that it should be taught using only terms and definitions (Hedgep eth 1). Some fear that it means teaching them how to have sex if it is not taught using on vocabulary (Hedgepeth 7). I think that because of the importance of sex education people are more likely to stress over the issues about it. Parents want to be sure that what is being taught is appropriate and meaningful to the students. That brings me to the next major question asked about sex education: what type of material should be covered and who decides what is right and what is wrong. It is very obvious that 30 or even 40 years ago, there was a different opinion on what should be taught to the children of that age and of generations to come (Pruit, Song 1). With the ever changing statistics in teen pregnancy and higher rates of STDs among children, the topic is brought up that more should be taught on prevention rather than on what is right or wrong, more or less the values being taught. The most crucial part of sex education is good and effective communication. We all know that when it comes to talking about sex education teachers and students become very anxious and embarrassed (Whitehead 13). In todays schools some of the subjects discussed are reproduction, abuse, gender identity, anatomy, relationship skills, building social skills, STDs, teen pregnancy, prevention and