Measles, Mumps And Rubella

Measles, Mumps And Rubella Measles, mumps and rubella are three of the most profoundly and normally obtained irresistible illnesses in kids; be that as it may, they can influence individuals all things considered. These infections happen all through the world and are exceptionally transmittable airborne pathogens which can spread by close contact with a tainted individual. Albeit still an issue in many creating nations, on account of inoculation programs far and wide these infections are substantially less normal at this point. Productive and early immunization against measles, mumps, and rubella are profoundly effective at forestalling the maladies and most youngsters who get their shots are being secured during youth, however by and large have a long lasting resistance. The measles infection (MV), an individual from the Morbillivirus variety in the Paramyxovirus family, is a 100-300 nm wrapped infection that contains a solitary strand, negative-sense RNA genome in a helical nucleocapsid which encodes for six auxiliary proteins and two others which are engaged with viral section. The F (combination) and the H (hemagglutinin) proteins are significant in pathogenesis since together they encourage receptor awaiting, combination of the viral layer, and cell section of into the epithelial cells in the upper respiratory tract of the host [*,*]. Measles is exceptionally irresistible and once contaminated an individual can encounter clinical highlights, for example, fever, maculopapular rash, hack, coryza (runny nose), conjunctivitis, and the pathognomonic Koplik spots ( accentuate blue-white spots which show up in the buccal and lower labial mucosa) which for the most part happen 1-2 days before the rash[ ]. Now and again confusions, for example, loose bowe ls, otitis media, pneumonia, encephalitis, visual deficiency, and auxiliary diseases by basic microorganisms and infections may emerge. In some extraordinary cases subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), an uncommon degenerative ailment of the cerebrum which by and large develops six to eight years after an essential measles infection contamination, may likewise beginning. Measles is ordinarily a disease of adolescence and defensive resistance is deep rooted, with the end goal that a second instance of measles in a kid or grown-up would be profoundly abnormal. Before the across the board immunization endeavors against measles during the 1960s the infection had a case-casualty proportion of about 5% in youngsters, which was higher for kids and newborn children in creating nations, where even today a casualty pace of up to 20% can happen. An exceptionally powerful live-lessened antibody for measles has added to the low frequency levels contrast with the pre-immunization time and even a few areas of the world have archived its total destruction. Measles is usually analyzed dependent on its particular indications, henceforth why research center determination is once in a while use. In any case, given the accomplishment of the immunization crusades, doctors in low measles predominance regions may turn out to be less acquainted with the infection and precise findings may get testing later on. Mumps Virus, similar to measles, likewise has a place with the family Paramyxoviridae, yet its class is Rubulavirus. Likened to measles, mumps is a 150-200 nm wrapped circular infection with surface spikes anticipating from the envelope. Inside the envelope, a huge helically organized nucleocapsid encases adversely abandoned RNA whose genome contains around 16,000 nucleotides. Clinical Symptoms of mumps incorporate gentle fever, anorexia, disquietude, cerebral pains and intense beginning of one-sided or reciprocal parotitis. Parotitis will in general happen inside the main couple of days of the disease and may initially be communicated through ear infection and delicacy of the swollen parotid or salivary organ. Mumps is exceptionally infectious, and 90% of those that are powerless and are presented to the disease will themselves become tainted. Be that as it may, 30-40% of those with the contamination are really asymptomatic (Rubin and Farber, 1994). Complexities can incorporate meni ngoencephalitis, orchitis in guys or oophoritis in females, just as pancreatitis. The live-lessened mumps immunization is frequently given alongside measles and rubella in the MMR antibody. The finding of mumps is generally done dependent on the declaration of the clinical highlights, specifically the nearness of parotitis. There are exceptional difficulties for the research facility determination of mumps in recently inoculated people whose insusceptibility may have reduced either without a subsequent sponsor portion of antibody or in zones where mumps sickness, and consequently introduction, is insignificant. Notwithstanding, It has been reasoned that the most fast and touchy finding of mumps can be obtain by ELISA (Enzyme-connected Immunisorbent Assay) strategy. Rubella infection, regularly known as German measles, has a place with the family Togavirida, variety Rubivirus. Rubella virions, despite the fact that wrapped like measles and mumps, are a lot littler, around 60-70 nm in width and contain roughly 10,000 nucleotides in a solitary abandoned, non-sectioned, positive-sense RNA genome inside a semi-circular nucleocapsid. Rubella is typically a mellow infection and is described by a low fever and a summed up maculopapular rash. Different manifestations may incorporate lympadenopathy, conjunctivitis, and sore throat. Manifestations of procured rubella are frequently gentle and in up to half of cases asymptomatic. Intricacies are not normal in rubella patients, however for the most part happen more frequently in grown-ups than in youngsters. Arthralgia and joint pain are basic complexities among 70% of tainted grown-up ladies. Different confusions, for example, encephalitis and hemorrhagic indications can likewise be understanding, however these are commonly uncommon. Albeit a generally gentle malady rubella can hush up genuine if obtain by pregnant ladies. Pathogenesis Measles, mumps, and rubella are exceptionally infectious viral diseases that can be transmitted by vaporized produced when a tainted individual removes spit through hacking or sniffling, or by direct contact with respiratory emissions. Following disease of a defenseless host, each of the three pathogens start replication in the respiratory tract where they at first objective the respiratory ephatelium of the nasopharynx and proceed onto the provincial lymph hubs. This limited replication stage is trailed by a viremia wherein the infections spread onto various different organs. On account of measles, an essential viremia where the infection moves onto other lymphoid tissue happens 2-3 days after contamination. Around days 5-7, the infection spreads to numerous different organs, for example, the kidney, liver, and skin through an optional viremia. In mumps, following 12 to 25 days of presentation a viremia emerges which keeps going from 3 to 5 days. This viremia permits the infection t o spread to numerous tissues which incorporate the meninges, and organs, for example, the salivary, pancreas, testicles, and ovaries. Aggravation of the tainted tissues causes the trademark side effects of the infection, parotitis and aseptic meningitis. Much the same as the mumps and measles, rubella following 5-7 days of replication in the nasopharynx region follows a viremia which spreads to the lymphatic framework and sets up a deliberate contamination. Clinical signs and side effects for measles, mumps, and rubella happen after a brooding time of around 10-12, 14-18, and 12-23 days individually. For measles, a prodromal time of 2-4 days denotes the start of the clinical phase of the contamination. Here, slim epithelial cells of the respiratory tract and the conjunctive started to be separated by the infection prompting a provocative response, additionally a trademark manifestation of the illness. Thicker mucosal surfaces of the buccal hole are then influenced offered ascend to the Kopliks spots. The presence of the spots denotes the beginning to a deferred type touchy response (DTH) which offers ascend to the rash. The essential antiviral safe reactions to MV harmonizes with the presence of the rash, and is here when the nearness of IgM antibodies and of CD4+Â and CD8+Â T cells in regions of MV-contaminated epithelial cells happens. Following this, killing IgG antibodies are likewise presented and related each of the four resista nt reactions are totally successful in controlling viral replication and finishing up the irresistible procedure. Viral antigen is missing from skin sores and the infection isn't shed from this surface, anyway shedding of the infection happens from the nasopharynx from the earliest starting point of the prodrome until 3-4 days after the rash develops. As referenced, measles is a run of the mill self-constraining contamination, and can be settled by a productive insusceptible reaction; anyway patients with T-cells inadequacies, unfit to build up a rash, ordinarily experience difficulties, for example, SSPE. A while following an intense MV disease, a delayed condition of immunosuppression, which often inclines patients to numerous auxiliary bacterial, viral, and parasitic contaminations, results. Mumps infection (MuV), like measles, causes vague prodromal manifestations, for example, gentle fever and discomfort during its hatching period. Upon viral passage, replication essentially happens in the nasal mucosa and the epithelial layer of the upper respiratory track, which continuously proceeds onward to entering the depleting lymph hubs. From here, the viremia spreads the infection onto the parotid organs, kidney, pancreas, and focal sensory system (CNS). Contamination in the salivary organs produces parotitis-aggravation of the parotid organs the most widely recognized clinical sign of mumps. Irritation and expanding of the organs, noticeable during the initial two days of disease in 30-40% of patients, is because of tissue harm and an ensuing insusceptible reaction provoked by viral replication. Furthermore, engendering into the kidneys can broaden the contamination and cause viruria. Conceivably irresistible infection is discharged in the pee for a time of about fourteen da ys following beginning of the malady. In any case 1/3 of contaminations are subclinical, this being more typical among grown-ups than youngsters. Around eleven days after introduction, humoral resistant reaction is set up and the nearness of killing antibodies, for example, IgG (immunoglobulin G), IgM and IgA eme

Favorite Food Free Essays

That’s My Boy (2012 film) From Wikipedia, the free reference book Jump to: route, search This article is about the 2012 film. For different utilizations, see That’s My Boy. |[pic] |This article’s plot synopsis might be excessively long or unreasonably point by point. We will compose a custom exposition test on Most loved Food or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now If it's not too much trouble help improve it by evacuating pointless subtleties and | |making it progressively compact. (January 2013) | That’s My Boy | |[pic] | |Theatrical discharge banner | |Directed by |Sean Anders | |Produced by |Adam Sandler | |Allen Covert | |Jack Giarraputo | |Heather Parry | |Written by |David Caspe | |Starring |Adam Sandler | |Andy Samberg | |Leighton Meester | |Susan Sarandon | |Ciara | |Luenell | |Vanilla Ice | |Music by |Rupert Gregson-Williams | |Cinematography |Brandon Trost | |Editing by |Tom Costain | |Studio |Happy Madison Productions | |Relativity Media | |Distributed by |Columbia Pictures | |Release date(s) |June 15, 2012 | |Running time |114 minutes[1] | |Country |United States | |Language |English | |Budget |$70 million[2][3] | |Box office |$57,719,093[3] | That’s My Boy[4] is a 2012 American parody film featuring Adam Sandler and Andy Samberg. The content was composed by David Caspe and coordinated via Sean Anders. The film was delivered under Sandler’s creation organization Happy Madison, and shot in Massachusetts, around Boston, Everett, Peabody, Lynn, Brockton, Stoughton and Cape Cod. [5] The film was discharged on June 15, 2012,[6][7] and circulated by Columbia Pictures. The film got negative surveys from pundits and is designated for eight Golden Raspberry Awards, at last winning in the classifications of Worst Actor and Worst Screenplay. The film has been subject of discussion and analysis because of its comedic depiction of pedophilia, inbreeding and legally defined sexual assault. 8] It is the 6th Sandler film to be appraised R by the Motion Picture Association of America. That’s My Boy was a film industry disappointment, earning $57. 7 million around the world, in this way neglecting to repay its $70 milli on financial plan. | Plot In 1984, 13-year-old Donny Berger starts a sexual relationship with his educator Mary McGarricle. At the point when the two are found having sex on a piano during a get together, she is condemned to a long jail term where it is uncovered she is pregnant; Donny is left to bring up their child, who he names Han Solo Berger. By 2012, Donny (Adam Sandler) is a heavy drinker loafer, who invests his energy with his companions, barkeep Brie (Ciara) and stripper Champale (Luenell). Donny is alienated from his child, who, humiliated by Donny’s adolescence, has changed his name to Todd Peterson and figured out how to turn into a fruitful businessperson. He has as of late showed up at the Cape Cod place of his chief, where he is to be hitched to Jamie (Leighton Meester). Donny gains from his legal counselor, Jim Nance, that he owes $43,000 to the IRS in back-charges and will be detained for a long time in the event that he doesn’t reimburse the cash before the weekend's over. He visits TV maker Randall Morgan, who had created appears for Donny during his short time of big name, and Morgan offers him $50,000 in the event that he can compose a gathering with Han and Mary McGarricle at the women’s jail. Donny shows up at Cape Cod to attempt to persuade Todd to take an interest. Since he had recently told individuals that his folks had kicked the bucket, Todd presents Donny as an old companion; Donny explains with a courageous backstory and, in spite of his amazingly rough conduct, rapidly turns out to be popular with different visitors, to the detriment of Todd’s prevalence. Donny attempts to persuade Todd to go to the women’s jail to see his mom, without uncovering that it is for a network program, however Todd can't. Todd battles continually with Donny about his father’s adolescence, both now and during his youth. Donny conceded he wasn't right for his activities and should’ve halted him, yet he didn’t realize that how generally will be a dad. Donny joins Todd and his companions at Todd’s lone ranger party, a loosening up day at a spa. In any case, Donny annoys the representatives and visitors and in the long run persuades the wedding gathering to go to a strip club where Todd bonds with Brie. The gathering become s inebriated and high and submits different demonstrations of lewdness. Throughout the night, Todd bonds with his dad and consents to meet Mary McGarrigle at the jail. Donny, realizing that a television team will be pausing, attempts to prevent the gathering from occurring, yet Todd goes to the jail in any case. Todd, Donny, and Mary are trapped by the film group and a sickened Todd leaves without marking a discharge structure, leaving Donny with no cash. Donny catches Jamie on the telephone saying that she has been engaging in sexual relations with Todd’s chief. He attempts to caution Todd, yet Jamie thinks of a persuading main story. Afterward, Donny finds Jamie having intercourse with her sibling. She pays Donny the cash he needs so as to keep him calm. In the wake of accepting a mollifying present from Todd, Donny concludes that he needs to stop the wedding. At the function he uncovers himself to be Todd’s father and tears up Jamie’s check, and powers her to concede her disloyalty to Todd. A disturbed Todd says a final farewell to Jamie and leaves his place of employment, recognizing Donny as his dad and in any event, reclaiming his original name of Han Solo Berger. The next day at the strip club, Han uncovers that he is dating Brie. He offers Donny the cash to help pay for the unpaid expenses, yet he denies expressing that it’s time for him to grow up and acknowledge duty. Donny is planning to go to jail when a wager he set successes him enough cash to fulfill the IRS. The film closes with Donny and Todd celebrating with the remainder of their companions. †¢ Production The film was initially titled I Hate You, Dad, and afterward changed to Donny’s Boy before the makers at long last chose That’s My Boy. [9][4] Promotion A red-band trailer was discharged on March 1, 2012. [7] A green-band trailer was later discharged on March 5, 2012. On June 1, 2012, the entire cast plunked down with MTV on the City Walk stage to examine the film, their individual up and coming tasks and furthermore took an interest in a QA with the crowd. The film was likewise advanced through the 2012 MTV Movie Awards, where Adam Sandler, Andy Samberg, and Leighton Meester were moderators for Best Kiss. A satire trailer was posted by Samberg on The Lonely Island’s YouTube account on June 1, 2012. [10] Reception Box-office The film opened on June 15, 2012 with $4. 6 million and was required to gain $13 million for its entire end of the week debut which would be Sandler’s most exceedingly awful opening end of the week since Reign Over Me in 2007,[11] which had an essentially lower spending plan. The film earned $13,453,714 in its initial end of the week, positioning #4 behind the second days of Madagascar 3: Europe’s Most Wanted and Prometheus, and the opening of Rock of Ages. [12] As of November 24, 2012, the film has netted $36,931,089 locally and $57,719,093 worldwide and neglecting to recover its $70 million spending making it a film industry flop. [3] Critical gathering Reviews for That’s My Boy were exceptionally negative. Spoiled Tomatoes gives the film a â€Å"rotten† score of 21% dependent on audits from 109 pundits, with a normal rating of 3. 4/10. The accord states, â€Å"While it represents another invasion into raunch for the ordinarily PG-13 Sandler, That’s My Boy discovers him rehashing himself to reducing impact †and hauling Andy Samberg down with him. â€Å"[13] Metacritic gives it a weighted normal score of 31% dependent on 27 audits, showing â€Å"generally troublesome reviews†. [14][15] Online audit show Half in the Bag called the film â€Å"pathetic†, it proceeded to condemn Sandler as a comic, including his failure to make genuine silliness that isn’t dependent on puerile jokes. 16] Bob Fishbach from the Omaha World Herald gave the film one out of four stars, saying it was â€Å"worse than Sandler’s past stinker, Jack and Jill†. [citation needed] Richard Roeper gave the film a â€Å"F† rating, calling it â€Å"an appalling, boring, fatal and gutless bit of filmmaking,† while Alonso Duralde gave the film a scorching audit, calling it â€Å"vulgar, trite, chauvinist, misanthrope, hacky, tasteless, gross, wistful and moronic, with intermittent twists of prejudice and hidden homophobia tossed in for sure. â€Å"[17] The film has been reprimanded for its comedic depiction of legally defined sexual assault, pedophilia, and inbreeding. [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] Step by step instructions to refer to Favorite Food, Essay models

Youre accepted! Now, where do you live!

Youre accepted! Now, where do you live! Congrats! You are now accepted to the University of Illinois! I know that this excitement comes with a lot of questions. When I first got accepted, one of my biggest questions was, “Where am I going to live?” There are a few different options. Since I transferred in, I could have picked an apartment or residence hall to live in. However, I thought it would be best to try out a residence hall to get the college experience and meet some people. I chose the Transfer Cluster, which is a section of a residence hall specifically designated for transfer students. There are a lot of living options that suit different needs. For instance, there are Living-Learning Communities (LLCs). These include options like Honors, Health Professions, Women in Math, Science, and Engineering, and many more. Also, there are different locations that may be more convenient for you. For example,  the residence halls that are located in Ikenberry Commons have a close proximity to the ARC (Activities and Recreation Center), where many students work out. Residence halls are a great way to get involved, meet people, and experience college. Wherever you choose to live, just make sure you make the most of your time at Illinois! You can look up more options at  http://www.housing.illinois.edu Good luck in your housing search! -Alex Alex Class of 2017 My major is Social Work and I love every minute of it. I grew up in a really small town called Braidwood, Illinois. Before I attended the University of Illinois, I went to Joliet Junior College.

Play, the Game, and the Generalized Other by George...

As animals with language, people are able to communicate not only with each other but themselves. This type of communication is thought. By communicating with one’s own self, people are able to analyze what makes them unique. This allows people to discover their own self. In George Herbert Mead’s â€Å"Play, the Game, and the Generalized Other,† Mead considers where the self originates from and what causes the self to feel fulfillment. Mead believes that the self is compromised of values, beliefs, accomplishments, the physical body, and memories. According to Mead, there is no distinction between the internal and external self. They are one. Because one’s values and memories interact with one’s physical body and accomplishments, the self is at the core of what motivates people. Mead believes it is vital for any being to understand what the self is in order to understand one’s interactions with others. In addition, a sufficient understanding o f the self allows people to how interactions with others ought to be. Understanding the self allows people to better comprehend human interaction and emotion. Mead then discusses his view of the self and the three steps in which to understand not only the self but also how different selves interact. Mead says the self is social, however that does not mean humans are not animals. He truly believes that animals are animals and that humans are not as special as other’s proclaim. This is where Mead introduces his first step in discovering theShow MoreRelatedGeorge Herbert Mead s Theory Of Id, Ego, And Superego1029 Words   |  5 PagesGeorge Herbert Mead was a philosopher known for his ideas on how children understand roles and themselves in those role. Through his work he found that the self comes from society interactions when we are young. Though Mead’s work seems almost like a rewording or rethinking of Jean Piaget’s theory of the four stage of cognitive develo pment or Sigmund Freud’s theory of Id, Ego, and Superego; Mead’s work is original and the similarities can be dismissed by what was going on at that time period. Mead’sRead MoreThe Process of Socialization Essay1300 Words   |  6 Pagesthe institution? Children are born into this world without any form of a sociological culture. They go through a sociological developmental process in, which parents, teachers, and other influences, transform them into socially proficient individuals. What is socialization? Socialization is how people teach others how to interact with their group. As an individual becomes socialized so they also create a socialized institution. Socialization is a process we learn and reflects upon our behaviorsRead MoreEssay on Comparison of George Herbert Mead and Sigmund Freud3378 Words   |  14 Pagessocial identity. Identity is shaped at a young age from interpreting concepts about one’s own self from others (Mead, 1934). The present study will compare Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of personality the (id, ego, and, superego) to George Herbert Mead’s social self-theory the (â€Å"I† and â€Å"me†). The study will give an overview of both theorist and discuss each approach in r elationship to each other, and defining the key concepts. According to Schultz and Schultz, (2008) the id is defined as the sourceRead MoreThe Theory Of Social Self970 Words   |  4 PagesSociologist, George Herbert Mead, is one of the leading sociologists of the American Tradition. Mead’s work relating to construct social reality and his Theory of Social Self, are just a few of his contributions to the American Tradition of Sociology. Mead is also one of four sociologists, who founded the social pragmatist theory. He helped bridge together the American Tradition of Sociology and the Pragmatist theory. Mead’s work has helped us better understand the relationship between society andRead MoreWhat I Have Learned From A Social Theory Class1240 Words   |  5 PagesMead Cooley In this sociology paper I will present what I have learned from this social theory class. We learned about many miraculous theorists such as Karl Marx, Auguste Comete, Herb Spencer, Emile Durkheim and many more theorists. I will present what I have learned by comparing and contrasting George Herbert Mead and Charles Horton Cooley. This paper will examine what both of these great theorists studied, some of their background info and theory. George Herbert Mead George Herbert MeadRead MoreSocialization6074 Words   |  25 PagesMichael Mangin SOC 1E BY NIJOLE BENOKRAITIS CHAPTER 4 - SOCIALIZATION Homework Questions MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. _____ is the lifelong process of social interaction in which an individual acquires a social identify. a. The generalized other b. The looking-glass self c. Socialization d. Resocialization e. The sense of self Adrian, from the time he was born, began learning how to think and behave effectively in society. He learned language, norms, and values first from his parents and then fromRead MoreSymbolic Interaction Theory By George Herbert Mead1122 Words   |  5 Pagesto the same situation (Smith Hamon, 2012). Four principal scholars explored the symbolic interaction theory, George Herbert Mead, Charles Horton Cooley, William Isaac Thomas, and Herbert Blumer (Smith Hamon, 2012). George Herbert Mead proposed that through interaction with others, we learn about ourselves—this is done through three stages; play stage, game stage, and generalized other (Smith Hamon, 2012). He identifies the movement between â€Å"I† and â€Å"me.† â€Å"I† being the spontaneous, immediate reactionsRead MoreIndividual and society2009 Words   |  9 Pagesmaintained by the institutions we actively produce.† (Calhoun, C et al 2002) It is this explanation of micro-sociologists like Mead which give room to theories like his of the symbolic self which belong within the category of action theories; and more closely associated with Symbolic Interactionism. This essay will explore and analysis the theories put forward by both Marx and Mead in their approach to sociology and will more closely concentrate on their beliefs of how individuals form identities andRead MoreThe Importance Of Socialization1285 Words   |  6 Pages By the language or color or what they wear. It happens all the time. This is just a natural habit for most human beings. I have even walked into walmart before thinking to myself â€Å" I do not belong here. 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The Effects Of Sleep Deprivation On The Elderly - 2664 Words

The Effects of Sleep Deprivation on the Elderly Concerning Physiological and Emotional Stability Brock Rodgers Loma Linda University School of Nursing Introduction Sleep is a vital component to sustaining life in humans. Even though everyone participates in sleeping, many individuals do not understand the true significance of sleeping, and what benefits and consequences come with too much or too little sleep. Sleep comes in different stages throughout the period of rest, with some stages being more important than others. By interrupting various stages, different types of problems can arise from which stage is being affected. In particular, elder adults are affected in larger numbers to a more extensive depth of issues. â€Å"However, aging does not mean elders should encounter sleep disorders; it merely increases the possibility that more elders will seek help to manage the problem† (Song, Hollenbeck, Blair, Schatzkin, Chen. 2012. p.316) By understanding possible causes for sleep disorders, what kinds of physiological effects this has on the aged anatomy, and the types of problems that appear in the psychological asp ect, it becomes achievable to begin working towards reversing complications and promoting elder sleep health. Identification of the Problem The human body has a plethora of rhythms that regulate activity such as behavioral processes, physiological functions, moods, and performance. Sleep is a major action that falls into this category ofShow MoreRelatedPsychology947 Words   |  4 PagesLack of sleep ages body s systems. 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There are many different philosophies on how much sleep the body1200 Words   |  5 PagesSleep: Why We Need It or Do We? There are many different philosophies on how much sleep the body needs or doesn’t need. Sleep has been said to be the body’s way of refueling. It allows the body to restore its mental energy (msnbc.com). The question is how much sleep does the body truly need to function? One theory pertaining to sleep is that if your body has a lack of sleep it would just adapt to less sleep. Sleep deprivation can cause us to lose our agility, cognitive, and immune responses

Mun Resolution Draft Free Essays

FORUM: General Assembly, Human Rights QUESTION OF: The Treatment of children in areas of armed conflict SUBMITTED BY: Mexico The General Assembly, Deeply Disturbed by the recent number of massacres of citizens including children in Syria since the anti-regime uprising in March 2011, Noting with Deep Concern that the Syrian government has repeatedly and regularly violated its ceasefire conditions, which is causing escalating tension and possibly leading to civil war, Referring to Article 4 of the UN’s Convention on the Rights of the Child, there lies a responsibility within every government to impose the measures necessary to ensure that all children’s rights are fulfilled and protected, Acknowledging the UN’s recent efforts in efficiently carrying out punishments on persistent violators of children’s rights to ensure that they are stopped and that these children receive the justice they deserve, as in the case of the trial of former Liberian President Charles Taylor, Confident that the only possibility for violent forces to be stopped is to demobilize them by removing their weapons and placing leaders of these forces in detainment, Alarmed by the large numbers of children that remain incarcerated in Israel, South Africa, Tanzania and the United States of America, Bearing in mind that there is no ‘lost generation’, and the fact that many child soldiers were pressurized under horrifying conditions as children, Deeply concerned by governments that continue to use, produce and stockpile cluster munitions, which target civilians and are a direct threat to the lives of children. 1. Requests the Syrian government to abide by the ceasefire conditions and to accelerate its implementation of its peace plan; 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Mun Resolution Draft or any similar topic only for you Order Now Calls upon NGOs and governments to jointly send immediate relief to Syria and establish child-friendly spaces (CFS) to protect and ensure the rights of children; . Encourages governments and NGOs to continue establishing more IDP fairs to reintegrate displaced families into the community and a regular way of life; 4. Calls for further reintegration and rehabilitation policies and strategies that focus on tolerance rather than prejudice, and in which children are consulted and their strengths built upon, encouraged to break with previous violence, and specific issues such as female needs are addressed; 5. Suggests that gender-sensitive strategies are designed and implemented to address the rights of children, which includes establishing a minimum legal marriage age and protecting children from sexual exploitation, harmful cultural practices and abuse; 6. Recommends governments to review legislation and repeal laws that punish and discriminate refugees and other victims of war; 7. Further recommends the immediate and unconditional released of minors from prison in all countries concerned; 8. Expresses its hope that in the future NGOs and governments will send immediate relief to an affected area in the early stages of armed conflict to ensure the least possible number of casualties; 9. Encourages governments and NGOs to recognize the potential of the media in raising awareness of situations in areas of armed conflict, and in turn assists in receiving donations from the general public; 10. Strongly urges governments of countries in armed conflict to impose bans on, restrict import of, and forcibly remove weapons from all citizens; 11. Calls for developed countries to respond positively, in the spirit of burden-sharing, to requests for asylum; 12. Deplores the denial of humanitarian aid to children in armed conflict by warring parties; 13. Requests that the impacts of economic sanctions on children are reassessed and monitored, and that all children are provided with access to food, shelter, emergency water, sanitation and hygiene and emergency education; 14. Trusts that all states are placing this issue above all forms of politics, and will cooperate to ensure that the rights of children in areas of armed conflict are defended. How to cite Mun Resolution Draft, Papers

Business Model and Business Innovation Global Business

Question: Discuss about the Business Model and Business Innovationfor Global Business. Answer: Introduction Owing to globalization and immense competitive nature of global business various business strategies and models have been conceptualized and implemented(George, 2011). A business model provides several strategies for businesses ease the process handling complex tasks. A model for business makes it possible to use all the available resources are it financial, human resource or others to meet the predetermined objectives of a firm. Thus, the targets of an organization make the formulation of a model for its business such that it can render high levels of effectiveness. While the formulation and structuring the model incorporates strategies, operations and sourcing. Structures for effective utilization of commercial openings lead to extraordinary growth of businesses. A business model aids in solving the various strategic challenges that hinder and jeopardize businesses(Wstenhagen, 2008). Therefore, the essay analyses relevant concepts relating to the business model, the different solut ions for static and dynamic challenges in business and the path which it can follow. Articles of Kodamas (2009), Zott and Amits (2010) has been considered for development of ideas pertaining to business model. A Business model allows the formation of a discipline which can be promulgated on managers and other employees which can be implemented to deliver better services their customers to achieve complete customer satisfaction which is the ultimate goal of the firm. It incorporates perception for the future durability of businesses. Analysis According to Christensen, Bartman Van Bever, (2016), business system helps a firm to develop a better understanding about the needs and nature of its partners, as the system works. Actual understanding of partner can be helpful for the business to achieve their goals in a satisfactory manner(Al-Debei, 2010). As approved by the Sauer et al. (2016), business model aids the company in their evaluation of internal and external resources, thereby rendering them capable to come up with innovative products and services after collecting the information regarding outcomes and to gain a competitive edge. Going by Schloderer Mezias, (2016) a business model has two primary elements, first one being business system while second one being profit model. It is to be noted business system deals with the business or Organisational structure and revenue model which further accounts for profitability of the businesses(Casadesus-Masanell, 2010). The profit or revenue model builds up a competitive attitude for competing with competitors in the same space. The business model has primary aim of building the business or firms structure in an effective way. the model provides for arranging key resources along with elements and partners to deliver and extend core competencies within the industry. An organizations business model is fully focused on structuring and in assisting formation of roles that can cater to profit generation which can further meet stakeholders objectives(Johnson, 2008). In order to extend market value of a firm, a business model is drawn which can provides it with a competitive edge. Thus, a conceptualized model of business enables it to make strategies by way of competitive concepts. It can be evaluated that there is an evident difference between business model and the business system. The business systems primary focus is on real-time business processes and structure. This system has a dual role in every business process. Firstly, it aids an organisation to first sum up strategies and diagrams mathematically(Osterwalder, 2010). In order to enhance the performance of the particular company a business system works in several ways. The article throws light on the Zott and Amit's (2010), article, and where the business model is delineated in an appropriate manner. Business Innovative Model incorporates new innovative strategies for the organizations that can increase customer attraction. There is high amount of criticism on capabilities concerning business model. BIM increases the innovation in designs manifold and the launch of new products or services. As stated by Bitschet al. (2017). The model of innovation increases the profitability of the organisation in several ways that benefit the organization in several other fields as well and in the achievement of goals(Aspara, 2010). The efficiency of the BIM and business model is immense as it provides various methods to achieve competitive edge in the global market in order achieve the goals of a firm with the slightest investment of futile labor. Among the three articles, Zott and Amit's (2010), and Itami and Nishino (2010) article was immensely beneficial in providing business model framework. It analyses the core concepts and processes of the innovation within the purview of an organization for a business model. According to this article the business model is composed with extreme efficacy and without a proper business model; expansion of profit and adoption of innovative ideas is next to impossible(Zott, 2011). Rise in global competitiveness is on a continuous rise, as the key strategic driver for such competitiveness remains innovation, firms needs to accommodate for such business innovative concepts to emerge as industry leaders. the innovative model is applicable to businesses in a greater manner as it directs firms existing capabilities and resources and diverts it into creating advantage for the firm. According to Kodama (2009), creativity in a business organization can be achieved through business models effective implementation. Zott and Amit (2010), on the contrary included business model as being the key business processes. Itami and Nishino (2010) in their article expressed that this models impact on productivity and profitability of an organisation(Spieth, 2014). The conclusion was arrived at with the consideration of these three articles. It evolves out of such implementation that a business organization can best be strategically run and its devoted resources can effectively be out to use by the successful implementation of the BIM and the business model and system which will aid the firm to attract more customers and eventually earn sustainability in the market. While a firm creates and designs business model for itself utilizing key functionalities ad business partners, it caters to all such goals by making use of profitability in mind. All resource allocation within the framework for business model development is done by way of analyzing and creating a goal oriented business model(Demil, 2010). While innovation is included into the model it acts a strategic driver for the entire business. The business model which otherwise had efficient allocation of resources would now consider inclusion of resource allocation by way of creating strategic capability. At each and every step of decision making of the strategic model, innovation acts as a resource which helps in providing necessary inputs. The inputs including innovation aspects helps managers, leaders and key partners of business to take decisions accordingly. Thus, not only does innovation provides a framework but also it creates a value for the firm and provides decision making framework for the same. Conclusion Post analysis of the essay it can be concluded that business model is the key ingredient which ushers in a strategic influence on the different facets of the organisation. Therefore a company must possess a sound structure to enhance revenues and acquire new partners. In this regard a business model comes in as a strategic choice. The key strategic partners including vendors and suppliers herald fresh situations for the organization which can deliver competitive capabilities. Therefore it is imperative to seek strategic partners who can influence decision making. In this ever changing business environment an organization must conceptualize or implement a sound business model in order to firstly survive and then thrive. Zott and Amit's (2010), article has provided proper description of the business model. There is no particular process or prefixed guideline to form a business model. The business model must be aligned with the Mission and Vision of the organization for which the founda tion is laid by a rock solid structure and stringent corporate governance. What the future holds for business models is yet to be decided but based on past and present evidence it is the cornerstone of any flourishing business. It is an integral part of an organization and the prime reason for its perennial success. The importance of a business model cannot be overstated so much so that it can make or break a business. Reference Lists Al-Debei, M. M. (2010). Developing a unified framework of the business model concept. . European Journal of Information Systems, 359-376. Aspara, J. H. (2010). Business model innovation vs replication: financial performance implications of strategic emphases. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 39-56. Casadesus-Masanell, R. . (2010). From strategy to business models and onto tactics. Long range planning, 195-215. Demil, B. . (2010). Business model evolution: in search of dynamic consistency. Long range planning, 227-246. George, G. . (2011). The business model in practice and its implications for entrepreneurship research. . Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 83-111. Johnson, M. W. (2008). Reinventing your business model. Harvard business review, 57-68. Osterwalder, A. . (2010). Osterwalder, A., Pigneur, Y. John Wiley Sons. Spieth, P. S. (2014). Spieth, P., Schneckenberg, D., Ricart, J. E. . RD Management, 237-247. Wstenhagen, R. . (2008). Business models for sustainable energy. Zott, C. A. (2011). The business model: recent developments and future research. . Journal of management, 37(4), 1019-1042.

Managing projects for innovation and enterprises

English Titles of Nobility

English Titles of Nobility English Titles of Nobility English Titles of Nobility By Mark Nichol Terms for members of the aristocracy are often applied by extension to other, often colloquial, usage. Here are titles of English nobility and some of their other connotations. King, from the Old English word cyning, refers to a hereditary lifelong ruler; a king who rules over other kings might be called a high king. The word emperor, from the Latin term imperator, meaning â€Å"commander,† denoted someone who ruled over an empire, a collection of kingdoms or other states, though it was never used in England or Great Britain. Female equivalents are queen and empress; monarch is a non-gender-specific generic term not used as a title with a name (as king or emperor would be in, say, â€Å"King Arthur† or â€Å"Emperor Hirohito†). King is also used to describe the preeminent person in a field, as in Michael Jackson’s designation as â€Å"the King of Pop.† (Jazz musicians of the early twentieth century were precursors of this tradition, adopting monikers such as Duke Ellington and Count Basie that referred to their stature as leading practitioners of their craft. It is also the name of a playing card, a chess piece, and a crowned piece in checkers; emperor has no such connotations, though both king and emperor are sometimes applied to large animals of their type, as in â€Å"king penguin† and â€Å"emperor penguin,† and â€Å"monarch butterfly† refers to an especially regal-looking specimen of flying insect. Queen, meanwhile, has other meanings: It refers to a woman of regal bearing or of attainment of stature in an area of endeavor, such as in â€Å"beauty queen,† or to an animal, such as a type of bee, that exists for breeding. The word is also applied, often pejoratively, to an effeminate or flamboyant gay man, or, in the phrase â€Å"drama queen,† to a highly emotional person. Queen also refers to a specific playing card and a particular chess piece. The Latin term princeps (â€Å"first citizen†) was originally applied to the unofficial leader of the Roman Senate; later, the emperor Augustus referred to his grandsons by that title, and as prince in English it came to refer to the male descendants of a king. (An heir to a kingship is a crown prince.) It is also used generically, as in the title of Niccolà ² Machiavelli’s classic political tract The Prince, to refer to any political leader of noble birth. A prince might also be the ruler of a small country (called a principality), as was common in Europe during the early 1800s, or the husband of a ruling queen. The feminine form is princess, which is also sometimes used jocularly to be a spoiled woman or girl, while prince was at times used as an obsequious compliment for a man of high professional or social standing. The Latin word dux (â€Å"leader†), from which duke was derived, was used to refer to a military commander, especially a non-Roman one, in the Roman Republic and later the top military commander of a Roman province. From there the sense became that of a ruler of a province (and sometimes a separate country, styled a duchy). Eventually, the title was granted to a few senior nobles, including, in England, the king’s sons. In other countries, a preeminent duke might be styled an archduke or a grand duke; the female equivalent of a duke, or the wife of one, is a duchess. (John Wayne’s nickname, Duke, derived from the name of a favorite dog of his.) A marquis (the English equivalent is a marquess, pronounced as spelled) was a nobleman whose domain was on the march, or border, of a country, and therefore had higher status than the next-highest-ranking nobleman, a count. (The female equivalent is a marquise, or marchioness.) The title of count derives from the Latin term comitem (â€Å"companion†), which refers to an associate or representative of an emperor; from this word we get county, originally referring to the area held by a count. The equivalent to count in the British Isles is earl (from the Old English term eorl, meaning â€Å"nobleman† or â€Å"warrior†), but because no feminine equivalent of that term exists, countess is used for both the wife of a count and the wife of an earl. (Earl is also a given name.) Viscount (the first element of the word is from vice, as in â€Å"vice president†) is a term for a lower-ranking nobleman; viscountess is the feminine equivalent. The lowest-ranking title of nobility is baron, from a Latin word for â€Å"man,† â€Å"servant,† or â€Å"soldier†; a baron held a barony, and his wife was a baroness. Baronet is a title granted by kings of England, but baronets (and their wives, called baronetesses) are not considered of the nobility. By extension, baron has been used to denote to a person of influence in commerce, such as in â€Å"cattle baron,† referring to a wealthy rancher. The rank of knight formerly denoted the bottom tier of nobility, but it is no longer conferred except as an honorary title in England, although hereditary knighthoods persist in other European countries. â€Å"White knight† and â€Å"black knight† refer in business lingo to someone seeking to acquire a corporation in a friendly or unfriendly takeover respectively; â€Å"knight in shining armor† is a dated reference to an ideal man sought by a woman as good marriage material. The female equivalent of knight is dame, which also used to be applied to an elderly woman in general and for a time during the twentieth century was slang for an attractive woman. The wife of a king who does not herself rule is referred to as a queen consort or empress consort; a woman who rules is a queen regnant or empress regnant. The widow of any nobleman is called a dowager (the word is from the Middle French term douagiere, derived from douer, meaning â€Å"to endow†); this term, like the others used in association with a higher-ranking title in a phrase such as â€Å"queen dowager,† may also refer to any woman holding property from her deceased husband, or to a dignified elderly woman in general, though such usage is rare, and the latter is generally meant humorously. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How Many Tenses in English?Peace of Mind and A Piece of One's MindHonorary vs. Honourary

Multiculturism and Youth Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Multiculturism and Youth Development - Essay Example In addition, it has been observed that two deficits are commonly faced by youth which are more likely based on family and maternal education which plays an important role for them and it has been researched that mothers who are graduated have the least number of deficits. Another category of people are facing deficits like exPeriencing physical abuse and some Of them are likely victims of violence. Furthermore, one of the main reasons of such development growth is lack of material possessions or in other words poverty but poverty is not counted as a deficit because the research shows that interference of poverty in young people lives shows greater risk of adverse behaviors and insecure future. Risks of adverse behavior have become popular in different cultures which lead to disaffected and rebellious act. Most of the young people are experimenting unknown consequences of such acts by making up their permanent lifestyle. It is likely to be known as risky behavior because this indicate s that youth is on more serious and persecute path which can be unhealthy or dangerous for them such as depression which can leads to suicide or getting drunk. People of younger generation often indulge with others as well which can be high risk behavior pattern. One third of younger generation often indulge in none of such high risk behaviors where as females are fewer then males in young people category and they are often involved in multi risk taking patterns, minority of young people lives have become disastrous because of multiple risky patterns but as compared to the younger people, older people are reported more to be engaged in high risk behavior. However, these groups are divided into different types of communities and most of the times a group of young people in different community are not Getting engaged with high risk taking behavior. More importantly the average numbers of people who are not involved in this behavior of the most protect youth are also reported in such an act. People living in villages or farms and in country are least likely to experience problem in risk

Answer the questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Answer the questions - Essay Example Total Quality Management refers to an effort that involves each organization in the industry in a bid to improve the overall performance of a firm. The feedback loop plays a fundamental role in quality control. It works on the principle that products are the upshot of the process, consequently concentrates on the process and authenticates its consistency through a sensor, which regularly measures the process and provides a feedback to the mechanism known as umpire. The Umpire’s work is to compare the standard objectives of performance (Bill, 21) 4. Imagine you just completed your undergraduate or graduate degree at ISU and you landed your dream job. Your immediate superior indicates that a needs analysis reveals employees are not using recently acquired competencies taught in expensive training programs. Approximately 4,500 employees were trained at six company locations throughout America. Your superior asks you to investigate the problem using research methodology you said you acquired in your HRD 468/568 Continuous Performance Improvement class. Describe how you would gather data, that is what method or methodology would you employ to determine the facts, and perhaps, analyze data and design a successful intervention. NOTE: Correct answers are valued at 10 points. An exploratory research will be the most appropriate in this situation. It will involve conducting a focus group interviews on the reasons that makes the employees avoid embracing the recently acquired competencies. Well-structured questionnaires should be used to get the employees’ views. The employees will be subdivided into focus groups, which will be based on the departmental levels. This research methodology will help in identifying the primary issues and variables and provide a foundation for more extensive subsequent researches. Upon gathering the data, a qualitative approach of analysis will be used to investigate the data. Then appropriate conclusions

Hispanic Discrimination In The US

Hispanic Discrimination In The US Introduction Hispanics are considered a single minority group arising in the United States which certainly as the name suggests being a product of the Spanish. It is evident that Spanish environment is dominated in such territories hence the high level of discrimination against them the American people are afraid of such small tribes to being very strong communities not only in politics but also power and economic development which directly poses a threat towards their growth as a nation. There are those intense factors that have facilitated discrimination of this community in the US, for instance Media presentations, Linguistic point of view and residence legality. As a result of this, the type of discrimination being embraced by this small community includes lack of proper health care, victims of hatred and oppression, lack of proper rental-housing and lack of health insurance. Catalyzing factors in racial discrimination Media and Hispanic oppression In every issue arising facing the human kind, the media is always there as a facility of creating awareness to the general public. Media can therefore be a very sensitive channel of communication and public awareness. With media broadcasting all the live events occurring in the general public, politicians and prominent people, there are very high chances of transmitting cases of hater speeches from different speakers which can bring forth tension among different people as a reaction, either positively or negatively(Cummins and Gordon, 2006). News broadcasting is considered to be a rapid-fire technique of delivering the real world in terms of cultural, economical and political issues. Some media stations tend to employ animation technology to portray sarcasm regarding a certain community hence creating the same expression in many of the viewers who later practice such actions but now in the real world and ends up hurting one another socially. With the media being interested mostly in transmitting the bad news for instance cases of illegal immigration being emphasized more upon as compared to the legal migration of the small communities particularly the Hispanic community as asserted by Lee (1998). This therefore reveals the role of media and the kind of information the media people transmitting the general public, which counts for negativity in most of the cases. News paper articles with very eye catching headlines such as illegal migrants, foreign drug dealers and such information is usually taken seriously and the initial blame befalls the small communities, with Hispanic being among the suspected group due to lack of proper understanding and like of love for one another. According to Lester(1996), the media is always very effective in framing issues since the initial intent is to give the public what they would like to hear, all about hate for the one not related with, for example the small community being blamed for each and every form of negative issues ari sing. Residency Illegality assumption In the United States, approximately more than 42 million legally migrated residents are believed to have Latin origin as noted in a statistical abstract (2007). About 16 million of these residents, an approximate of 39 percent, are born as foreigners. According to US immigration statistics, certain fraction, about 11 million people, of this population are estimated to have illegally migrated with 8.7 million migrants being believed to be of Hispanic origin as supported by Therrien and Ramirez (2001). This therefore asserts that more than 85 percent of Hispanic migrants have legally obtained their US residency with majority of them having been born in the United States. This therefore justifies the Hispanic community living in the United States from being discriminated against and they should hold their grounds while fighting for their residency rights, since by balancing the legal versus illegal migrants it clearly points the great difference favoring the legal migrants and the mere fraction that represents the illegal migrants should not earn such level of discrimination against the whole community. According to Jorgensen (1996), the US politicians are the leading people passing such complaints against what they term to be illegal aliens. Reports have proven that Hispanic employees have really experienced very unfair job mistreatment from their employers both in public and private sectors. Despite their hard work in jobs, no credit or appreciation is accorded to them for instance wages raise, no chances for ideas sharing since their ideas are considered unworthy towards bringing forth development. (Jennifer, 2007) Language barrier In the United States, there is a very strong bond connecting language and racism. The main group tends to discriminate the minority groups which certainly reflect on the hatred towards the Hispanics by the United States majority group (or rather the whites) residents. For instance the use of mal mot wetback is a clear example of sarcasm characterization used to classify the Hispanics who cross the Rio Grande boundary to the United States illegally. Now, the problem comes in where all the Hispanics suffer this oppression having legally or illegally migrated to the United States, hence being considered a high level of misunderstanding where even the innocent have to suffer on the account of the illegal migrants. The minority groups that cannot speak the dominant language are restricted from participating in the dominant culture and this has brought forth a two-side culture of living with those speaking native language (English) oppressing the alien language speakers for instance the Hi spanic community. The English language community has realized the linguistic threat posed by the Spanish language speakers in the United States since they seem to multiply as time passes on. As a reaction to this linguistic threat, native language heritage has started a campaign towards supporting English as the immediate language that should be embraced by each and every resident in the united states, being an American, Asian, Spanish or black American. With respect to this, a form of US bilingual education has been highly documented and debated about as asserted by Rothstein (1998). To many people, this form of education was more of a confusion situation than a solution, since each and every ethnic group concentrated in learning in their own language, but the English language conquering the rest, hence the alien natives being forced to embrace the English learning since they could not meet the standards to bring forth the level of education needed to code with the American way of learning. Effect of this discrimination Victims of hatred In the united states, majority of federal hate crimes target crime victims with respect to ethnicity or basic race initiated programs, according to the UCR (Uniform Crime Reporting)program, there is a huge number of hate speech white victims as compared to the other groups. According to research carried by New Century Foundation organization, it is worthy to claim that hate crimes towards the minority groups are committed mostly by the black Americans as compared to the white Americans. Among the minority groups, the Hispanics are more prone to being victims of hate speech. Referring to practical examples, quoting a previous case of racial hatred that took place back in the year 1992 whereby an Asian American and being of Chinese descent was beaten to death by an angry mob believed to be white assailants as a result of unemployment level hence blaming Japanese and Chinese US invasion. Women discrimination Hispanic Women in the United States are more exposed to discriminations compared to their male counterparts particularly when it comes to the job and labor sector. Female Hispanics wages do lag behind as compared to their fellow men colleagues it is evident that in the united states of America, the wages to Hispanic women are much less as compared to the white men, women and Hispanic men of the same level. According to a research carried out on the month of March back in the year 1998, it was known that males embracing Hispanic ethnicity earned an average of $ 11.75 in an hour whereas women earned an average of $ 9.40 for the same work type. White Non- Hispanic males and females earned on average $ 15.75 and $ 11.29 respectively. This difference in wages was claimed to have been as a result of education level, work experience, occupation type, language and lastly discrimination against women. According to Oaxaca (1973), Hispanic women wages discrimination is as a result of difference s from each individuals characteristics subtracted from the total wage required to be paid hence coming up with a new calculation factor which is more of corruption and somehow reflects to discrimination also. Health care inequality The government had failed to provide better health facilities plus other requirements towards ones good health for instance poor services, in adequate insurance, complete lack of health insurance and reluctance towards health seek and care (Woolf, 2004). Systematic bias is also reflected much in the way inequality is handled in health care while delivering health services to the Americans where personally I feel that these people are yet to be treated like rest of the Americans else such discrimination will bring a bad reputation towards the Americans in the near future. Though there are developments of anti-racism organizations for instance the National Association of the Advancement of Colored People, the Southern Poverty Law Center, the Anti-Defamation League, the Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund, American-Arab anti-Discrimination committee, the National Italian American Foundation and the National congress of American Indians among others. Sabotaged health conditions and deaths rate In the US, there is a wide range of racial differences in delivering health services appropriately. The migrants are treated in a negative way as compared to the US white residents. With reference to an article published by the public health sector in the US, it is worthy to assert that more than 880,000 deaths could have been avoided back in the year 1991 to 2000, if proper health care had been given to the foreign residents, inclusive of Hispanics. These deaths occurred as a result of much sabotaged health facilities given to the non-natives, if these people had received the same level of health services as the white Americans, such loss could not have occurred. It is worthy to claim that currently in the United States of America, racial bias has also infected the health sector with the minority communities facing very harsh condition due to low level of response from the health officers, particularly the public health sector. Referring to a previous study carried by Hope and Eliza beth (1996) it is evident that lifetime effects of fascinating conditions like being psych comes as a result of lack of attendance from the medic al officers to the patients who end up suffering some brain and mental conditions that could have been prevented in one way or the other given the issue of community discrimination support was avoided at all cost. It is believed that the minority communities cannot receive some donations for instance blood, and other body organs transplant from the American people which shows the level of discrimination being faced by these people and the importance of immediate reforms being embraced pertaining the same. Majority of Americans from these minority communities face inadequate insurance, poor medical services, and very low level of medical centers. Patients are forced to queue in some specific medical institutions that they can afford to pay rather than trying to scramble in a health facility where they are not welcome. Housing discrimination Despite of earning low income, the living standards of the Hispanics cannot be justified by such income. The poor housing conditions have left this community to face housing discrimination where high charges are given but with very minimal maintenances being employed whereby tenants suffer roofs leakages and rats become part and parcel of the house living. Some landlords go to the level of refusing to refund security deposit in the case where a Hispanic tenant wants to move in into another house. Such landlords also violate the US landlord-tenant laws that protects both the tenant and the landlord, for instance the 1998 Congress- passed Fair Housing Act which was meant to eradicate housing discrimination, but the landlords seem to be very mean with the lust for money but less worried with the housing conditions and its influence on the tenants. Most of the landlords practiced the following unlawful housing discrimination: Employing other forms of lease or contract provisions when dealing with Hispanics as compared to non-Hispanics. Having minimum maintenance and repair practices to the houses rented by the Hispanics which was not the case for the natives. Having minimal laundry and exercise facilities to the Hispanics which was not the case for the rest of tenants. Forcing Hispanics to provide very high security deposits as compared to non-Hispanics. Having the Hispanics evicted from the houses due to late payment of rent. Religion discrimination Today in the United States, when interviewed on how they feel about the status of their religious belief, 19 percent of Americans claim to consider being minority whereas 78 percent do not consider themselves being minority. This explains that 19 percent of the Americans are being discriminated against with respect to their religious beliefs. This has enhanced the prejudice by the Native Americans against other races as supported by Lincoln (2006). With US having the white evangelicals representing the highest percentage in terms of religion, about 24% of them refer themselves as constituent of the minority religious group whereas an equivalent of 11% of protestants and 13 % of Catholics claiming the same. Conclusion From this research, it is evident that Hispanics are being ill treated by the white in United States of America, courtesy of various published reports and scenes as discussed in the body of this research paper. The level of discrimination against Hispanic community living in the US is very serious with immediate measures worthy to be employed to counter it. From job discrimination, housing, freedom of expression, educational rights, and other rights have been denied to the Spanish residents living in the United States. Studies have found that nearly three in every ten Hispanic workers feel they have been discriminated against in their employment. Some reports being referred to with racial slurs at work while one in four feel they are paid less and have reduced career advancement prospects than their Caucasian counterparts( Sebastian, 1995). It is therefore the high time that Civil right Act, under the federal law that covers discrimination towards a particular race, color or sex comes into real action and performance. It is worthy to claim that the Hispanics have been deprived from their human rights to enjoying their freedom of expression, speech and movement. The non-governmental organizations enhancing campaigns against racial discrimination should also continue without fear or threat from authority or other people whatsoever. The Hispanic community should recognize their rights and carry a strict campaign against being discriminated. The local government should protect these minority communities from racial discrimination as a posed method towards enhancing well-being of each and every citizen.

Corporate Taxation Essay

1. The definition of property as it relates to a section 351 transaction includes money. (TRUE) 2. A taxpayer always will have a tax basis in boot received in a section 351 transaction equal to its fair market value. (TRUE) 3. Mandel transferred property to his new corporation in a section 351 transaction. One of the properties transferred was land with a fair market value of $200,000 and a tax basis of $250,000. The corporation will always take a tax basis in the land of $200,000 to prevent the â€Å"built-in loss† from being transferred from Mandel to the corporation. (FALSE) 4. Han transferred land to his corporation in a section 351 transaction. Han had held the land for two years prior to the transfer. The corporation will tack Han’s holding period for the land. (TRUE) 5. Roberta transfers property with a tax basis of $400 and a fair market value of $500 to a corporation in exchange for stock with a fair market value of $350 in a transaction that qualifies for defe rral under section 351. The corporation assumed a liability of $150 on the property transferred. What is the amount realized by Roberta in the exchange? ($500) 6. Antoine transfers property with a tax basis of $500 and a fair market value of $600 to a corporation in exchange for stock with a fair market value of $550 in a transaction that qualifies for deferral under section 351. The corporation assumed a liability of $50 on the property transferred. What is Antoine’s tax basis in the stock received in the exchange? ($450) 7. Carlos transfers property with a tax basis of $500 and a fair market value of $800 to a corporation in exchange for stock with a fair market value of $650 and $50 in a transaction that qualifies for deferral under section 351. The corporation assumed a liability of $100 on the property transferred. What is the corporation’s tax basis in the property received in the exchange? ($550) 8. Tristan transfers property with a tax basis of $900 and a fair market value of $1,200 to a corporation in exchange for stock with a fair market value of $900 and $200 in a transaction that qualifies for deferral under section 351. The corporation assumed a liability of $100 of the property transferred. What is the corporation’s tax basis in the property received in the exchange? ($1,100) 9. Ashley transfers property with a tax basis of $5,000 and a fair market value $3,000 to a corporation in exchange for stock with a fair market value of $2,000 and $500 in a transaction that qualifies for deferral under section 351. The corporation assumed a liability of $500 on the property transferred. What is Ashley’s tax basis in the stock received in the exchange? ($4,000) 10. Which of the following statements best describes the concept of control as it applies to a section 351 transaction? Control is defined as the ownership of 80 percent of more of a corporations voting stock and 80 percent or more of the total number of shares of each class of nonvoting stock.

Leonardo vs. Michelangelo

Leonardo versus Michelangelo Violet Jane Greeley Art Appreciation ART 101 Carrie Ann Wills November 13, 2012 Da Vinci versus Michelangelo Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simone shared many similarities. Both were painters, sculptors, and poets. They both had a tendency to leave their works incomplete. Both artists quickly surpassed the talents of their instructors and achieved fame with ease. In addition, both artists were known to have studied anatomy by dissecting human cadavers [ (Bambach, 2002) ].Together they make up two thirds of the Renaissance’s three greatest artistic minds of all times, the other being Raphael. In this paper, I will first give a brief biography of each artist, then compare and contrast three works of art by Leonardo with three works of art by Michelangelo, followed by a discussion on how each artist made their own personal influence on the world of art in Italy and Europe during the 16th century, and provide supporting examp les. Leonardo was born on April 15, 1452 and passed away on May 1, 1519 [ (Helicon, 2005) ].Leonardo’s first painting and sculpting instructor was Andrea del Verrocchio, with whom he was apprenticed to and even surpassed in skill [ (Vasari, 2006) ]. During his apprenticeship to Verrocchio, Leonardo excelled at many skills including painting, sculpting, architecture, engineering, and mathematics [ (Vasari, 2006) ]. Still further, he studied subjects such as botany, geology, geography, zoology, anatomy, hydraulics and mechanics [ (Kleiner, 2010) ].Michelangelo was born on March 6, 1475 and passed away on February 18, 1565 [ (Jacobs, 1968) ]. When Michelangelo was fourteen years old, he was apprenticed to Domenico Ghirlandajo in April, 1488 [ (Vasari, 2006) ] [ (Gombrich, 1995) ]. Before long, Michelangelo excelled in his artistic ability, surpassed his fellow apprentices, and at times even rivaled his master’s abilities [ (Vasari, 2006) ]. Additionally, he achieved exemp lary skills in architecture, poetry, and engineering, but was most fond of sculpting above all else [ (Kleiner, 2010) ].Although Michelangelo wasn’t apparently influenced by Ghirlandajo in artistic methods or styles, his attitude and behavior reflected that of his master more prominently by his frequent displays of vigorous work ethics and an impatient temperament [ (Gombrich, 1995) ]. While under the tutelage of Ghirlandajo, Michelangelo carefully analyzed old and new artists and their techniques. These included but weren’t limited to Giotto, Masaccio, Donatello, Ghiberti, Benedetto da Majano, Mino da Fiesole, Antonio Rossellino and Jacopo della Quercia Rolland [ (Rolland, 1921) ].Florentines whose influence can be seen in Michelangelo’s works are Giotto and Masaccio [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. A year after his apprenticeship to Ghirlandajo, he was also introduced to Bertoldo di Giovanni (who was himself once a student of Donatello) through Lorenzo the Magnificent, an d was instructed on the art of sculpture in the Garden of Medici as well as being influenced by Lorenzo de Medici [ (Kleiner, 2010) ] [ (Rolland, 1921) ].His original intent in joining with Giovanni was to gain experience with the tradition of Donatello and to enhance his knowledge of antiquities, but the most precious asset Michelangelo acquired from Giovanni was access to and the friendship of the Medici family [ (Rolland, 1921) ]. From 1492 to 1494, Michelangelo obtained an extraordinary opportunity to study anatomy in the hospital which was adjoined to San Spirito [ (Nickerson, 2008) ]. Vasari stressed the importance of studying antique forms and the significance of such in the work of all of the most highly regarded master artists in the High Renaissance era [ (Johnson, 2000) ].Leonardo, Raphael, and Michelangelo were no exceptions to this rule, and Michelangelo especially applied himself in that aspect [ (Johnson, 2000) ]. Leonardo was a major contributor to the art world in t he late 15th and early 16th centuries and a predecessor of many other artistic marvels including Raphael and Michelangelo. Here I will discuss St. Jerome in the Wilderness, The Last Supper, and Mona Lisa. St. Jerome in the Wilderness was begun in 1480 and is one of many of Leonardo’s unfinished products [ (Classics, 2012) ]. St.Jerome resides in the Vatican Museums in Rome [ (Classics, 2012) ]. St. Jerome withdrew from society into the Syrian Desert and became a recluse [ (Classics, 2012) ]. The painting illustrates a far off crucifix on the right side of the picture and St. Jerome kneeling down all the while fixing his eyes on the distant crucifix [ (Classics, 2012) ]. A rock can be seen in St. Jerome’s hand and a lion is close by [ (Classics, 2012) ]. The rock represents the object with which St. Jerome uses to punish himself for the purposes of atonement [ (Classics, 2012) ].The lion is indicative of the companion St. Jerome acquired after healing an injury to the l ions paw. A cardinal’s hat together with the lion and the stone are common traits associated with St. Jerome. Also on the right is a church between the rocks, the existence of which could indicate St. Jerome’s Doctoral position [ (Classics, 2012) ]. Leonardo used a fresh, new technique in positioning St. Jerome in a disproportionate way so that his figure was vastly different than that of the lion [ (Classics, 2012) ].Through the passage of time, this painting has endured separation and the process of reassembly [ (Classics, 2012) ]. The Last Supper came into creation beginning in 1495, was improved upon in sporadic periods, and was finished it in its entirety in 1498 [ (Classics, 2012) ]. Duke Ludovico Sforza and Duchess Beatrice d’Este commissioned The Last Supper who wanted it to be the centerpiece for the Sforza family mausoleum [ (Classics, 2012) ]. However, the painting now serves as the wall covering for the dining hall in the monastery Santa Maria del Gr azie [ (Classics, 2012) ].The Last Supper was an elaborately detailed representation of Jesus’ life as it neared its end in the Gospel of John chapter 13 verse 21. Jesus revealed his awareness of the upcoming betrayal from within his beloved discipleship as the Bible described the scene in the book of Matthew chapter 26, verse 21 [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. The reactions of the disciples ranged in varying degrees of outrage, shock, horror, grief, and disbelief as continued in the book of Matthew chapter 26, verse 22 [ (Kleiner, 2010) ].Another reference to Biblical doctrine included in the painting was the initiation of the Eucharist in the book of Luke chapter 22, verses 19 through 20 [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. In the painting, Judas was clearly stunned at the announcement of his plot [ (Classics, 2012) ]. In a state of reservation, he was grasping the money purse containing the silver which had been obtained in trade for the betrayal [ (Classics, 2012) ]. Some observers of the painting argue that the purse could also be suggestive of Judas’ status as treasurer of the group as well [ (Classics, 2012) ].Close observers may take note of Judas tipping over the salt shaker, which may be a cleverly disguised reference to a phrase which signifies the betrayal of a master [ (Classics, 2012) ]. Peter appeared to be perturbed all the while wielding a knife; this could have been a deliberate inclusion of the painting in order to give observers a sense of foreboding, a reminder of the violence to come in the midst of Jesus being arrested [ (Classics, 2012) ]. John was painted in a manner portraying him in the throes of a fainting spell [ (Classics, 2012) ].As was commonly practiced at the time, Leonardo positioned all of the disciples and Jesus on one side of the table for the purpose of being able to see them all [ (Classics, 2012) ]. Some other painters during later periods of time occasionally separated Judas from the other disciples by either seating him on the opp osing side of the table or by neglecting to give him a halo like the others in the painting, an obvious indication of his fall from grace [ (Classics, 2012) ]. Rather than denoting Judas in that way, Leonardo uses the shadows as a safe haven for the villain to conceal his own guilt in [ (Classics, 2012) ].Jesus could be seen in the painting as he pointed toward the bread and persisted in foretelling pending events by stating that the traitor would break of the bread simultaneously with himself as is suggested in the book of Luke chapter 22, verse 21 [ (Classics, 2012) ]. Judas reached for the bread as predicted because he was distracted by the conversation between John and Peter [ (Classics, 2012) ]. In this painting, the artist used a definitive method of manipulating the lighting which in turn naturally brought the observers eyes to the central focal point of the painting behind Jesus’ head [ (Classics, 2012) ].Because Leonardo used an alternative method of painting, The La st Supper rapidly began deteriorating [ (Classics, 2012) ]. Although efforts have been made to maintain its integrity, the quality of the painting has suffered substantially [ (Classics, 2012) ]. The deterioration so compromised the painting it can only be speculated upon that Leonardo originally intended for the positioning of Jesus’ feet to be suggestive of the forthcoming crucifixion [ (Classics, 2012) ].It’s quite apparent in this art piece that Leonardo did extensive research with the help of models and close observational skills to create a psychologically provocative and visually pleasing scene [ (Classics, 2012) ]. Mona Lisa otherwise known as La Gioconda was a portrait conceived in about 1503 and was completed in 1519 [ (Classics, 2012) ]. The commissioning was initiated by the woman in the painting, Lisa del Gioconda and her husband who was a prosperous silk merchant in Florence [ (Classics, 2012) ].In the beginning of its existence, Mona Lisa may have been h oused at Chateau Fontainebleau, but was then relocated to the Palace of Versailles, then to the Louvre where it remains to this day [ (Classics, 2012) ]. No other work of art in the world is more famous than Mona Lisa [ (Classics, 2012) ]. Lisa del Gioconda was a member of the Gherardini family, who were prominent Florentines [ (Classics, 2012) ]. The painting of this portrait was motivated by the acquisition of the couple’s new residence as well as in celebration of their second son having been born [ (Classics, 2012) ].Factors that aided in the promotion of this portrait gaining such colossal fame were the vague facial expression, the delicate method of painting the shapes, and the enormity of the composition [ (Classics, 2012) ]. In creating the Mona Lisa, Leonardo used a pyramid shape as a basis of effortlessly positioning the subject into the space permitted, with her hands folded demurely taking the shape of the obverse corner [ (Classics, 2012) ]. The lighting of the p ortrait gently caressed her in various places including her breast, hands, neck, and face, giving the painting added fundamental dimensions [ (Classics, 2012) ].Lisa held an erect posture, and her fixed stare was another distinct feature that gave the portrait its signature quality. The darker elements of the painting such as Lisa’s hair and veil along with the encompassing shadows help to add radiance to her face that might otherwise have been less noticeable [ (Classics, 2012) ]. Leonardo’s absence of outlining particular facial features enhanced the liveliness of the subject. As was typical of Leonardo, the comprehensive landscape, the general calmness, theatrical use of lighting and shadows, and the obscure outlining all contributed to this masterpiece [ (Classics, 2012) ].It’s important to note the background contained a visual illusion in that one side was significantly higher than the other which would be unfeasible in reality [ (Classics, 2012) ]. Howeve r because of the discrepancy, Lisa seemed to move or smile if the viewers eyes shifted from one side to the other [ (Classics, 2012) ]. The painting survived a number of attacks over a period of time including theft, an acid spill, stone throwing, and other such mishaps, but has been minimally damaged and on occasion repaired [ (Classics, 2012) ].Michelangelo created many great works in his time, and in conjunction with Leonardo and Raphael defined the artistic era of the Renaissance. I will focus on two of his statues; The Pieta and David, and one of his paintings; The Last Judgment. Before discussing Michelangelo’s statues, I’d like to restate that he’d previously gained extensive knowledge of human anatomy by secretly dissecting cadavers, which aided his ability to create accurate portrayals of human physique while sculpting and painting [ (Hartt, 1989) ].Since this practice was illegal as well as being considered morally corrupt behavior, having done so put him at an advantage over many other artists [ (Hartt, 1989) ]. Work on the Pieta, a life-size statue made of marble was set into motion in between 1498 and 1499 and reached its fruition in 1500 [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. It was the French cardinal, Jean de Bilheres Lagraulas who commissioned the Pieta to be done so that it might enhance the appearance of the chapel in Saint Peters where he was intended to be buried [ (Kleiner, 2010) ].This statue, his first masterpiece was a representation of Mary holding Jesus after his crucifixion [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. Controversy surrounded this work of art regarding Mary’s appearance of being younger than Jesus [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. However the artist was able to portray Mary’s loveliness as well as her grief in an intensely vivid manner [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. The artist’s intent in portraying such youth in Mary was that he’d been attempting to use that feature as a method of defining Mary’s purity.As a result of the you thful and tranquil appearance portrayed in the Pieta, Michelangelo’s statue was unique in comparison to other artists portrayals of the same scene in which their Mary was much older and broken-hearted. Michelangelo created such detailed imagery that the Pieta quite visibly displayed a variety of textures including hair, fabric, and flesh [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. This particular piece of artistry in addition to David has been replicated by numerous other painters and sculptors.It’s been said that Michelangelo wasn’t initially in the habit of signing any of his pieces of artistry. However, upon hearing observers crediting other artists with his accomplishment he began doing so with the Pieta. The Pieta originally was destined to occupy Saint Peter’s Basilica in Vatican City, however it is now located in the church which took the place of Saint Peter’s [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. Michelangelo’s David wasn’t the first statue of the biblical hero, bu t it was the most impressive one which has ever been created thus far [ (Kleiner, 2010) ].David was a popular biblical theme about a young shepherd boy purportedly the underdog who volunteered to enter into battle with a much larger adversary [ (Lee, 2004) ]. In this story, David defeated his enemy with a slingshot, his skill, and his courage as the only weapons at hand, without even being protected with armor [ (Lee, 2004) ]. Upon his return to Florence in 1501, Michelangelo received a warm reception regardless of his previous association with the Medici family [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. He began sculpting David immediately and completed this work in 1504 [ (Kleiner, 2010) ].Donatello and Verrocchio both had previously created statues of David; however unlike Michelangelo, theirs were symbolic of the hero after his battle with Goliath [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. Michelangelo created his personification of David to represent the events prior to the battle with Goliath [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. He use d David’s anatomy to imbue strength, anticipation, and reserved energy [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. He even added the minute detail of engorged veins to emit a sense of the physical process of an adrenaline rush and the psyche which accompanies it [ (Kleiner, 2010) ].David’s facial expression was indicative of having already decided to do battle, but not yet having completed the task. Clearly it was Michelangelo’s intent to portray David in the very moment in which the slingshot was about to be raised [ (Nickerson, 2008) ]. Michelangelo’s David possesses a poignant connection with an imperceptible presence [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. It was unlike any other because of its overall size and slender physique, and to this day can be surpassed only by Michelangelo’s Pieta.Upon completion, this masterpiece further solidified Michelangelo’s reputation as a master sculptor and artist in all of Italy [ (Nickerson, 2008) ]. David is now located in Florence, and stan ds at an impressive fourteen feet high [ (Hartt, 1989) ]. Michelangelo’s knowledge of anatomy, balance, and proportion are prevalent, along with an aura of superhuman magnificence [ (Hartt, 1989) ]. David is but one example of Michelangelo’s personality which exemplified divine humanity [ (Hartt, 1989) ]. Divine humanity represented developing values in the Renaissance era [ (Hartt, 1989) ].The Renaissance began a movement away from centuries of control over human affairs on the part of the church and a restoration of humanistic values of the contemporary world [ (Hartt, 1989) ]. It was firmly held by Michelangelo that the human body was the living embodiment of God’s divine power [ (Hartt, 1989) ]. He successfully articulated man in its ultimately heroic status in creating his David sculpture [ (Lee, 2004) ]. The spiritual closeness Michelangelo held to was in direct contrast with the scientific approach of Leonardo [ (Hartt, 1989) ].Michelangelo began painting The Last Judgment in 1536 and completed it in 1541 [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. In the midst of his work, the counter-reformation was in full force [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. An important issue affecting the world of art was the difference in religious beliefs between the Catholics and the Protestants [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. The Catholics valued artwork for its power to manipulate the people toward piety [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. Protestants, on the other hand found artwork to promote idolatry and distraction [ (Kleiner, 2010) ].To alleviate controversy regarding this issue, the Catholic Church reached an agreement that images should be visually and theologically unambiguous [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. The uproar of the counter-reformation was instrumental in Michelangelo’s decision to paint the altarpiece of the Sistine Chapel, The Last Judgment as a way of depicting the controversial times. The central figure of the altarpiece was the Lord, and all around the Christ figure were nudes. God was the unyi elding authority over his human subjects, and physically gestured his intent to utterly annihilate humanity [ (Kleiner, 2010) ].It’s quite clear that the Lord had complete control over the destiny of all of the spirits around him. The Heavenly hosts emanated their unease, while angels trumpeted, and the Lord discerned between the just who ascended to Heaven and the damned who were thrown into the pits of Hell [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. Michelangelo further purveyed horror by including rising dead figures and demons provoking great suffering and agony upon the damned souls [ (Kleiner, 2010) ]. Other known figures which complement this masterpiece were Saint Bartholomew and who was either the good thief or St. Andrew [ (Kleiner, 2010) ].The works of da Vinci and Buonarroti significantly influenced the world of art in the 16th century in Italy and Europe in numerous ways. The two artists shared many similarities in talent and scope of knowledge; however it was their individual uniquen ess that magnified their works to the status of masterpieces in their lifetimes and beyond. In 1476, Leonardo was permitted to paint an angel in Verrocchio’s Baptism of Christ, in which he impressed his master with his superb display of talent [ (Jacobs, 1968) ]. By that point in time, he’d already been elected to be a painter into the painter’s guild [ (Jacobs, 1968) ].Other contemporaries alongside Leonardo under Verrocchio’s tutelage included such notable artists as Perugino and Lorenzo di Credi [ (Johnson, 2000) ]. By the year 1481, Leonardo’s talent was known all over Italy, and he was commissioned by the Saint Donato monastery to paint their altarpiece which is now known as The Adoration of the Kings [ (Jacobs, 1968) ]. However as was Leonardo’s tendency, he neglected to complete the altarpiece and sought employment with Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan [ (Jacobs, 1968) ]. His first work for the Duke was to create a statue of Ludovicoâ⠂¬â„¢s father.Approximately in 1496, Leonardo began planning and painting his famous Last Supper located in the Santa Maria delle Grazie, which took about two years to complete [ (Jacobs, 1968) ]. Around the year 1500, he created the painting known as The Battle of Anghiari, and soon after embarked on his most famous work, Mona Lisa [ (Jacobs, 1968) ]. Francois I was among the first patrons to passionately support the coming of the Renaissance to France and commissioned Leonardo to work around the year 1516 along with other prominent figures such as Rosso Fiorentino [ (Johnson, 2000) ].Following this event, he then created two more paintings for the French viceroy in Milan, The Virgin of the Rocks, and Saint Anne with the Virgin and the Infant Christ that ended up being his last masterpieces [ (Jacobs, 1968) ]. Almost two centuries later, another artist known as Diego Velazquez would use similar painting techniques to Leonardo in which he wasn’t as concerned with every minute detail of a subjects being so much as capturing their characteristic impressions [ (Gombrich, 1995) ].Leonardo was also the mastermind of a device known as sfumato which was used by many other artists who followed him even centuries later in order to overcome the problem of naturalism and perspective creating a rigid and wooden appearance on the subjects of the paintings [ (Gombrich, 1995) ]. Unfortunately, another problem arose which this technique could not accommodate. The shadows used by Leonardo didn’t naturally occur in the light of day, therefore Impressionist artists had to resort to blurring some aspects of their painting to prevail over the dilemma [ (Gombrich, 1995) ].Michelangelo learned the fresco technique from his original instructor, Ghirlandaio [ (Jacobs, 1968) ]. Later on, he was sent to the Medici Garden where he learned from Bertoldo di Giovanni [ (Jacobs, 1968) ]. While in the presence of the Medici family, Lorenzo de Medici encouraged Michelangelo to in volve himself in conversations with many of the most renowned men of the time [ (Jacobs, 1968) ]. He achieved recognition for his talent in approximately 1492 when he constructed his first masterpiece The Battle of the Centaurs, which was a marble relief [ (Johnson, 2000) ].This statue remains unfinished as are many of Michelangelo’s works of art. By 1499, Michelangelo succeeded in creating a superb statue known as Pieta, which was completed in 1499 and caused him to gain world-wide recognition [ (Jacobs, 1968) ]. In the next few years, he occupied his time by creating a statue of David, in the Accademia, Florence [ (Jacobs, 1968) ] [ (Johnson, 2000) ]. Michelangelo’s depiction of David dwarfed those of Donatello and Verrocchio in ability, and talent. His next project, the tomb of Pope Julius II was to be the longest lasting one of his life, taking a full forty years to complete [ (Jacobs, 1968) ].One statue included in this great endeavor is Moses, arguably the most e xcellent work exhibited by this particular sculptor [ (Johnson, 2000) ]. The tomb also includes The Atlas Slave (incomplete), The Dying Slave, and a statue of Lorenzo de Medici, along with two supporting nudes below [ (Johnson, 2000) ]. In the midst of his work on the tomb of Pope Julius II, he worked on the Sistine Chapel ceiling from May 10, 1508 until October 31, 1512, this also being done for Julius II [ (Rebman, 2000) ]. This particular masterpiece is to this day incomparable to any other work of art [ (Rebman, 2000) ].Pope Julius II chose to employ Michelangelo for this task because his reputation throughout Italy and Europe was that of an outstanding sculptor who had an exceptional talent for using physical forms to express his own feelings and emotions [ (Rebman, 2000) ]. The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in its entirety contains nine major panels; God Separating Light from Darkness, The Creation of the Sun, Moon, and Stars, The Separation of Land from Water, The Creation of Adam, The Creation of Eve, The Temptation and Fall of Adam, The Sacrifice of Noah, The Flood, and the Drunkenness of Noah [ (Rebman, 2000) ].Twenty four years later, Michelangelo was commissioned by Pope Paul III to paint a mural above the altar of the Sistine Chapel which was to be a companion piece to the ceiling; The Last Judgment [ (Jacobs, 1968) ]. This altarpiece took him six years to complete beginning in the summer of 1536 and reaching its completion on October 31, 1541 [ (Rebman, 2000) ]. According to records, Michelangelo employed a single assistant for this project; Urbino, a talented artist who showed a significant ability with the foreshortening technique [ (Rebman, 2000) ].Numerous authorities on the matter believe Michelangelo’s source of inspiration for The Last Judgment was derived from a poem, The Divine Comedy written by Dante who mentioned a Charon and Minossis both of whom are included in the painting [ (Rebman, 2000) ]. Much praise and criticism was hea rd for this painting, ranging from amazement and wonder to abhorrence for the scandalous nudity [ (Rebman, 2000) ]. Biago da Cesena was one of the first among many who offered scathing disapproval of the nudity of the figures [ (Rebman, 2000) ].As a result, Michelangelo painted the face of Biago on the figure of Satan and a serpent slithering about the body while biting the groin area of Satan [ (Rebman, 2000) ]. Despite Biago’s complaints to the Pope, the painting remained as it was [ (Rebman, 2000) ]. Unfortunately, due to so much criticism over the nudity of the painting, modifications were later made by Daniele da Volterra, who was hired by the church officials to paint clothing on the genitals of the nude figures [ (Rebman, 2000) ]. However, another artist, Martino Rota made an engraved replica of the original Last Judgment prior to the alterations [ (Rebman, 2000) ].Similar to the habits of Leonardo, Michelangelo frequently abandoned his paintings before completing them , and the only known finished easel painting is The Holy Family [ (Jacobs, 1968) ]. Michelangelo’s reputation was far superior to those of his contemporaries in sculpture, even including the next generation [ (Johnson, 2000) ]. Many new and upcoming artists studied Michelangelo’s methods with great intensity, and strived to imitate his level of distinction by painting nudes in their own works of art as he had done [ (Gombrich, 1995) ].These artists seemed to have overindulged themselves in this practice, and such behavior took away from the meaning of the paintings rather than adding to it [ (Gombrich, 1995) ]. This fashion became known as Mannerism. In closing, I’ve mentioned a few similarities common between both Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simone. In addition, I gave a summary of each artists lives, compared a few of their art pieces, and finished off with a discussion on how each artist made their own personal influence on the w orld of art in Italy and Europe during the 16th century with supporting examples.References Bambach, C. 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